摘要
目前我国水电资源开发建设进入了快速发展的时期，水电站地下洞室及主要作业场所的火灾安全问题也就显得尤为重要。主变洞属于水电站地下洞室群中火灾危险性较高的区域，因此，研究主变洞火灾的烟气流动特性及其烟气控制模式具有重要意义。
火灾烟气流动是一种复杂的浮力驱动流，由于水电站地下主变洞的特殊性，其烟气流动相比于一般建筑火灾的烟气流动更为特殊。本文通过FDS数值模拟、1:12比例模型试验和1:50比例模型的2DPIV激光粒子试验的方法，对水电站地下主变室发生火灾时主变室内的机械排烟效果、着火主变室溢出烟气在搬运道内的烟气蔓延特性和搬运道内溢流烟气控制、以及主变室和搬运道烟羽流区的流动特征等进行了研究。论文的主要工作包括：
（1）采用1:12模型试验和FDS数值模拟相结合的方法，对水电站地下主变室火灾时主变室的机械排烟效率进行了研究。讨论了主变室内烟气层高度的变化、烟气温度的分布、补风口位置对排烟效率的影响以及主变室内CO浓度的变化。结果表明主变室内烟气层平均温度随火源强度的增大而升高。补风口位置对于机械排烟效率的影响较小，为了不影响主变室防火卷帘的安装，补风口宜设置在主变室上部。机械排烟量越大，CO浓度降低越快。在火灾发生后40min左右工作人员即可进入主变室进行火灾后的维修工作。
（2）火灾发生在主变室内，存在有一个烟气溢流过程，且属于墙壁附着溢流。探讨了极限情况——无排烟工况下（机械排烟故障工况）水电站地下主变室火灾产生的溢流烟气在搬运道内的蔓延情况以及不同火源强度下搬运道内溢流烟气的流动特点，结果表明搬运道内溢流烟气温度衰减呈现指数分布。
（3）研究了不同机械排烟量下主变室火灾产生的溢流烟气在搬运道内的排烟过程。结果表明按照《水力发电厂厂房采暖通风与空气调节设计规程》（修编稿）中规定的机械排烟量进行搬运道机械排烟时，搬运道内的机械排烟系统可以将主变室溢出的烟气控制在一定的高度，且从搬运道内烟气温度、可见度等方面，都满足人员安全逃生的要求，为水电站地下洞室机械排烟的设计及规范的修订提供了理论依据。
（4）为进一步观察封闭空间的烟羽流流动特性，建立了水电站地下主变洞1:50可视化模型，采用2DPIV技术对主变洞火灾的烟气流动以及机械排烟进行了可视化研究。结果表明主变室属于典型受限空间，环境空气会受到浮力羽流的卷吸作用，从而形成大空间尺度的环流。不同的补风口位置对主变室内烟气流动的整场速度分布影响较小。而搬运道内排烟口和补风口处的烟气速度明显大于其他位置，在搬运道入口上方形成明显的漩涡，有利于火灾时人员的逃生。
At present the hydropower resources development and construction in our country has entered a period of rapid development, and the fire safety problems of underground hydropower station appear particularly important. The main transformer halls belong to underground cavites of higher fire possibility, therefore, it is very important to study the smoke movement and smoke control in the main transformer halls.
The interaction of the two factors:the fire induced buoyancy and the special configuration of the main transformer hall makes the movement of smoke induced by fire in the main transformer hall more complex than that in normal compartment. In this thesis, reduced-scale model experiments were conducted, along with FDS simulations and2DPIV tests, to study the dynamics and thermal physics of fire induced smoke movement in the main transformer hall. Through comparing with the results of the scale model tests, the accuracy and feasibility of FDS simulation and PIV technology used in the main transformer hall fires were verified. Works include:
(1) This paper presented the results of physical model studies on the smoke exhaust effectiveness of the main transformer hall of underground hydropower station, as well as a comparison between experimental data and FDS predicted results. It also investigated the effect of air supply opening location and the CO concentration in the main transformer hall. The results indicated that the effects of the air supply opening location in the transformer hall are minor, but considering the real construction of transformer halls, the air supply opening should be located near the ceiling to avoid affecting the installation of the fire resisting shutters.The measured results showed t the upper layer temperature increases with higher heat release rate and was unrelatec the mechanical exhaust rate which could be obviously seen in Klote's equation. The CO concentration reduced faster with larger mechanical exhaust rate and it would take at least about40mins for the three different mechanical exhaust rates that the staff can enter the transformer hall.
(2) The fire locations in this paper were placed in the adjacent main transformer hall, not directly in the transport passage. This means the smoke spread within the passage has spilled out of the main transformer hall, and is an adhered spill plume. The characteristics of spill plume movement in the transport passage were studied with no smoke extration (Fault Condition). Results showed that temperature distribution along the transport passage of the spill plume from fired main transformer hall could fall into exponential decays.
(3) The smoke movement in the transport passage under different mechanical exhaust rates was studied. It was indicated that when the mechanical exhaust rate was designed according to the standard, the smoke layer height in the transport passage could be controlled at some height by the mechanical exhaust system. It can be concluded from smoke temperature and visibility in the main transformer hall that people could escape safely. Results could provide a theoretical basis to develop guidelines for the mechanical exhaust design of the underground hydropower station.
(4) The1/50th model of the main transformer hall was constructed and PIV laser particle technology was applied to investigate the smoke movement and mechanical exhaust in the main transformer hall. Results showed that due to the main transformer hall belonged to confined space; environment air would be entrainmented by the buoyancy plumes, and form large scale circulation. The velocity distribution on the height direction of the smoke plume center was found to fall into the Gaussion distribution. Air supply would affect the velocity field significantly, and as the smoke velocities at the exhaust port and air supply port were greater, clear eddy would form above the entrance of the transport passage, which would help the human evacuation.
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