摘要
狭长空间建筑日益发展，在许多领域发挥着重要作用，但也带来了巨大的火灾风险。随着近年来隧道火灾事故频发，同时对抑制火灾方法要求的也在不断提高，单纯依靠强制通风排烟措施已不能满足防火需求。作为传统卤代烷灭火剂的主要替代技术，细水雾以其清洁、高效、成本低、对防护对象破坏小等优点而得到广泛应用，尤其是近几年在交通隧道、地下铁路和电缆隧道等狭长空间的应用中也逐步被认可和推广。为了拓宽细水雾的应用领域，提高细水雾在狭长空间中的抑制火灾有效性，在本文中，选取了纵向通风这一狭长空间的典型特征，结合数值模拟和实验模拟，深入研究细水雾抑制火灾过程的机理特性和影响规律。
本文首先对纵向通风条件下火灾燃烧及烟气运动特性的影响进行分析和总结。通过对前人实验数据的整理归纳，与开放空间的实验结果比较，对纵向通风条件下热释放速率变化情况进行了探讨。在狭长空间模型内进行木垛燃烧实验，研究了木垛孔隙对燃烧过程阶段性的影响规律，分析了各阶段温度和CO气体浓度的变化情况，以论证燃料堆积密度是狭长空间通风情况下火灾燃烧过程的重要影响参数。
作为细水雾灭火性能研究的基础，本文结合三维LDV／APV系统和低速风洞测量技术，研究了纵向通风条件下不同风速对雾场特性参数在空间内分布特性的影响。通过实验结果得到了实验空间内雾滴速度、雾滴粒径以及雾通量随着风速和运动距离的变化规律。
在分别研究了纵向通风对火灾行为和雾滴运动影响的基础上，开展了细水雾抑制火灾的模拟研究。为了使缩小尺度模拟实验能够对实际应用起到有效的指导，将细水雾抑制火灾的尺度关系推广到了纵向通风条件下，并指导模拟实验设计参数的确定。建立模拟实验装置，开展多组细水雾抑制木垛火的实验，验证和完善了尺度关系，并将纵向风速和雾化锥角纳入经验尺度模型当中，对尺度模型中参量指数进行修正。
采用数值计算和实验模拟相结合的方法，研究了细水雾对顺风方向木材火的抑制性能。模拟计算的预评价结果表明，在强制纵向通风条件下细水雾与火源之
With the increasing development of construct of long and narrow spaces, which are brought into play important roles in many fields, fire risk also improves rapidly. In recent years, tunnel fire disasters have happened with high frequency, and methods to suppress and extinguish fire bring up the higher request, so traditional measures of smoke control by forced ventilation have not already satisfied these requests. As the leading Halon alternatives, water mist technology shows broad applications with its advantages: clean, high efficiency, low cost and little damage to protected objects. Especially, the technology is increasing recognized and extended during the applications in long and narrow spaces such as traffic tunnels, subways, cable tunnels and so on in recent years. In the interest of enhancing fire suppression effectiveness in this kind of spaces, longitudinal ventilation was selected as the representative characteristic, and the mechanisms and rules of water mist fire suppression were studied with simulative calculations and experiments in more details.
Firstly, the characteristics of combustion and smoke movement were analyzed under the condition of longitudinal ventilation. Compared with experiments results in open spaces by summing up former results in tunnels, variability of heat release rate under longitudinal ventilation was discussed. Simulative experiments were performed using wood cribs in order to study the effect of combustible configuration on combustion process, to analyze the influence on temperature and CO concentration and to demonstrate the importance of density of accumulation under forced ventilation.
In this thesis, the LDV/APV system and wind tunnel with low speed were both utilized. Through the experiments of measuring the distribution of drop velocity and diameter with different wind speeds and the analysis of calculating water mist fluxes, the relationship between wind speeds and movement distances were received.
Based on the effects of longitudinal ventilation on fire behavior and droplet movement respectively, simulative studies on water mist fire suppression were performed. Scaling relationship group for water mist fire suppression has been extended to include forced longitudinal ventilation, for the guidance to determine the
引文
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