摘要
磁悬浮列车是一种新型的轨道交通运输工具,它利用电磁吸力或电动斥力将列车悬浮在轨道上方,与地面无机械接触,具有速度快、能耗低、舒适、噪音小等特点,因此是未来一种极具发展潜力的现代化交通工具。现有的磁浮列车悬浮系统可分为电磁吸力悬浮(EMS)和电动斥力悬浮(EDS)2种基本的悬浮方式。电磁吸力悬浮的悬浮力全部由电磁铁提供,在运行中能量的消耗非常大,而且影响悬浮气隙的进一步增大。为解决这些问题,我们采用混合悬浮系统,它是永久磁铁和电磁铁结合的悬浮系统,稳定悬浮时所需的静态平衡力由永久磁铁提供,而动态平衡力则由常导线圈提供,电磁铁要既能提供正向力又能提供反向力,即悬浮斩波器不但要能提供正向电流,又要能提供负向电流,故使用四象限斩波器。把软开关技术应用到悬浮斩波器中可以带来明显的好处,减小了系统损耗,提高了系统的电源变换效率。
本文首先介绍了四象限悬浮斩波器各基本组成部分的相关特性,包括续流二极管的特性、IGBT的特性、IGBT的驱动和保护。其次,对软开关技术及分类做了简单介绍,在软开关变换器和悬浮斩波器主电路的基础上设计出了四象限零电压开关PWM和零电压转换PWM软开关悬浮斩波器,并对其工作原理和参数进行了详细的分析和设计。再次,运用电路仿真软件PSpice对软开关悬浮斩波器进行了建模和仿真,并对比性地仿真了硬开关斩波器系统。仿真结果表明软开关变换器能有效地改善主电路的开关特性,减小了主电路器件的电压应力和电流应力。最后对负载的动态特性进行建模仿真,负载的变化与期望值相一致,满足负载动态特性的要求。
零电压开关PWM软开关斩波器的主功率器件可以完全实现零电压开通和关断,减小了系统损耗,与负载的性质和程度没有关系,但是辅助管本身是硬开关,有一定的损耗,其缓冲电路和谐振电感的共同作用给母线电压带来了较大的尖峰。零电压转换PWM软开关斩波器实现了主开关管的零电压转换,开关管工作条件大大改善。
Maglev train is a new type of vehicle on railway track. It levitated over the rails by electromagnetism suction or repulsion, the body of the train does not touch the ground, As a perfect vehicle on land, maglev train is characterized by high velocity, less energy consuming, lower noise, safety and comfort. Therefore, it is potential modern transportation vehicle in the future. The current maglev train suspension systems include two basal structures, EMS and EDS. The suspending power of EMS is complete provided by electromagnet, therefore, energy loss cannot be ignored, and the enlargement of gap is limited and a higher rail precision is required. Aiming at the problems, this dissertation designs hybrid electromagnetic suspension(EMS) systems, it is a combination of permanent magnet and electromagnet, static counterbalance is provided by permanent magnet and dynamic counterbalance is provided by electromagnet when it suspend steadily. The electromagnet not only provided magnetism, but also suspension, maglev chopper not only provided positive current, but also provided negative current, so use four-quadrant maglev chopper. There are obvious advantages to apply soft-switching technology to maglev, it has little switching losses and the efficiency of the chopper can be improved.
Firstly, this paper introduces the characters of basic components of four-quadrant maglev chopper which including the character of freewheeling diode, the character of IGBT, the drive and protection of IGBT. Secondly, ordinary introduces the sort of soft-switching, design four-quadrant maglev chopper of zero-voltage-switching PWM converter and zero-voltage-transition PWM converter based on soft-switching and maglev chopper, analyzes the characteristics of soft-switching chopper and design its parameters detailedly. Secondly, modeled and simulated the converter structures by PSpice and compared their advantages and disadvantages. The result proves that the soft-switching converter can improve the switch characteristic of main circuit. It also can decrease the switch stress and current stress of switch equipment. Lastly, modeled and simulated the transient response of load, the result isconsistent with expectation, and has a good speciality of transient response.
The main-switches of the zero-voltage-switching PWM soft-switching chopper have zero-voltage turn-on and turn-off totally, so it has little switching losses. The realization of the ZVS has no concerned with the attribute of load. But, as the chopper provides the ZVS condition with an assistant switch, which work in hard switching, it has some losses in switching even using a snubber network. There is another more, the snubber can be resonant with the inductor, that brings on a huge spike on the source voltage. The zero-voltage-transition soft-switching PWM soft-switching chopper realizes the zero-voltage transform of main switch, the working conditions of switch improve greatly.
引文
[1]严陆光.关于我国高速磁悬浮列车发展战略的思考[J].北京:中国工程科学.2002,12(4):40-46
[2]吴祥明.磁浮列车[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.2003
[3]蒋启龙,胡基士.磁浮列车斩波器研究[J].电力电子技术.1997,5(2):60-62
[4]王莉,张昆仑,连级三.用高温超导线圈和常导线圈构成的混合式电磁悬浮系统[J].铁道学报.2003,4(2):30-33
[5]王聪.软开关功率变换器及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社.2000:60-100
[6]王水平,周培志等.PWM控制与驱动器使用指南及应用电路[M].西安电子科技大学出版社.2005:394-397
[7]谭阳红,蒋文科,何怡刚.基于OrCAD10.5的电子电路分析与设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社.2007
[8]赵雅兴.PSpice与电子器件模型[M].北京邮电大学出版社.2004
[9]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2000:29-41
[10]李传琦.电力电子技术计算机仿真实验[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2007
[11]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2005
[12]罗飞.通用电路的计算机分析与设计PSpice应用教程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.2004
[13]李永平,董欣.PSpice电路设计与实现[M].北京:国防工业出版社.2005
[14]王宁,姚煊道.软开关悬浮斩波器研究[J].电力电子技术.2006,6(3):86-87
[15]林渭勋.现代电力电子电路[M].浙江:浙江大学出版社.2005
[16]王莉.混合EMS磁悬浮系统研究[D].西南交通大学博士论文.2006.5
[17]曹小相.软开关技术在磁悬浮斩波器中的应用[D].西南交通大学硕士论文.2006.5
[18]王莉,廖长鑫.高温超导混合磁悬浮系统主电路的设计[J].电力电子技术.2007,6(6):54-56
[19]尹海兵.磁悬浮列车的零电压软开关技术研究[D].国防科学技术大学硕士论文.2005.11
[20]董金文,张昆仑,余小勇.高速磁浮列车440V升压斩波器主电路研究[J].通信电源技术.2004,4(2):22-24
[21]王莉,熊剑,张昆仑,连级三.永磁和电磁构成的混合式悬浮系统研究[J].铁道学报.2005,6(3):50-54
[22]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术[M].北京:科学出版社.1999
[23]阮新波,严仰光.直流开关电源的软开关技术[M].北京:科学出版社.2000
[24]陈国呈.PWM变频调速及软开关电力变换技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2001
[25]王增福,李昶,魏永明.软开关电源原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2006
[26]魏庆朝,孔永健.磁悬浮铁路系统与技术[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.2003
[27]G.C.Hua,F.C.Lee.Soft-switching technique in PWM converter[J].IEEE Trans.on Industrial Electronics.1995,42(6):595-603
[28]G.C.Hua,F.C.Lee.Novel zero-voltage-transition PWM converter[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics.1994,9(2):213-219
[29]高原,邱新芸.零电压转换PWM DC/DC变换器的研究[J].仪器仪表学.2005,8(8):645-650
[30]华晓辉,林维明,熊代富.DC/DC变换器快速动态响应分析[J].电力电子技术.2007,41(1):83-85
[31]段善旭,康勇,刘平,陈坚.IGBT开关过程仿真分析中的PSpice应用研究[J].电气传动.1999,3:52-56
[32]王宁.中低速常导磁悬浮列车悬浮斩波器研究[D].国防科学技术大学硕士论文.2004.5
[33]廖长鑫,张俊,陈国辉,王莉.基于四象限斩波器的混合磁悬浮系统设计[J].机车电传动.2006,1(1):36-38
[34]Hac Bodur A,Faruk Bakan.A New ZVT-ZCT-PWM DC-DC Converter[J].IEEE Trans.On Power Elec.2004,:676-684
[35]Wang L,Chen G H,Liao Z X,et al.Aresearch of suspension sys-tem with hybrid electromagnets made of HTS coils and normal conductor coils[J].Proceedings of thelst IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications(ICIEA2006).Singapore:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.2006,:632-635
[36]王聪.一种简单的ZVZCS全桥PWM变换器的分析与设计[J].电工技术学报.2000,15(6):35-39
[37]张波.高频软开关技术及其应用[J].新技术新工艺.1999,2:6-8
[38]李琪.PWM全桥软开关直流变换器的研究[D].浙江大学硕士论文.2006.2
[39]Cho J.G.et al.Zero-voltage and Zero-current-switching Full-bridge PWM Controller Using Secondary Active Clamp[J].IEEE Trans.on P.E.1998,13(4):961-969
[40]Jung-Goo Cho,Ju-Won Baek,Chang-Yong Jeong,et al.Novel Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current-Switching Full Bridge PWM Converter Using Transformer Auxiliary Winding.IEEE Trans.Power Electron,2000,15(2):250-256
[41]Chokhawala R S.A discussion on IGBTshort-circuit behavior and fault protection schemes[J].IEEE Trans on IndustryAp-plication.1995,31(2):256-262
[42]L.Dulau,S.Pontarollo,A.Boimond,J.Gamier,N.Giraudo,and O.Terrasse.A new gate driver integrated circuit for IGBT devices with advanced protections.IEEE Trans.Power Electron.2006,vol.21(no.1):38-44
[43]Rahul S C.Jamie C.Gate drive considerations for IGBT modules.IEEE Transactions on IndustryApplications.1995,31(3):603-611
[44]Hefner A R.An Investigation of the Drive Circuit Requirements for the Power Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.1991,6(2):208-215
[45]D.Vasic,F.Costa,and E.Sarraute.Piezoelectric transformer for inte-grated MOSFET and IGBT gate driver.IEEE Trans.Power Electron.2006,vol.21(no.1):56-65
[46]S.Y.R.Hui.H.Chung.and C.S.Tang.Coreless printed cir cult board(PCB)transformer for power MOSFET/IGBT gate drive circuit.IEEE Trans.Power Electron.1999,(14):431-437
[47]宋丹苹,邱忠才,黄治清.绝缘栅双极型晶体管升压斩波器的设计[J].电源技术应用.2006,9(12):35-38
[48]张黎,尹向阳.高压大功率IGBT驱动模块的技术特点[J].系统应用.2007,6:86-89
[49]申翔.IGBT集成驱动模块的研究[J].电源技术应用.2006,9(6):49-53
[50]曾繁玲.IGBT驱动与保护技术[J].仪表技术.2007,7:61-63
[51]Liu K H,Lee F C.Zero-voltage-switching techniques in dc/dc converter circuits[C].Proceedings of the Power E-lectronics Specialists Conference.1986
[52]GEORGIOS AP,NIKOS I M.Calculation and Stabili-ty Investigation of Periodic Steady States of the Voltage Converter Buck DC-DC Converter[J].IEEE Transac-tions on Power Electronics.2004,19(7):959-970
[53]尹力明.悬浮电磁铁的晶体管斩波器研究初探[J].机车电传动.1993,3:222-25
[54]YU Hong-xiang,JI Yan-chao,LIN Min.An Advanced Harmonic Elimination PWM Technique for AC Choppers[J].Proceedings of the CSEE.2005,25(5):68-73
[55]伊林林,郑晓岚,宁媛.零电压转换PWM直流变换器的研究[J].通信电源技术.2007,24(5):19-21
[56]邓凡李,张兴,陈春霞,时少军.基于PSpice的零电压Boost变换器仿真分析[J].电脑知识与技术.2006,2:139-141
[57]茹东生.零转换PWM变换器仿真研究[J].电子测量技术.2007,30(12):20-23
[58]Y.Konishi,M.Ishibashi,M.Nakaoka.Three-phase current-source soft-switching PWM rectifier for high-power applications and its design considerations[J].Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives.1998,9:133-138
[59]K.Taniguchi,T.Morizane,T.Tanizaki,T.Imayanagida.Characteristics of novel simple structured soft-switching power conversion system.Power Electronics and Drive Systems.2001,10:109-114
[60]S.Moisseev,S.Hamada,M.Nakaoka,Double two-switch forward transformer linked soft-switching PWM DC-DC power converter using IGBTs,Electric Power Applications.2003,1:31-38