摘要
追求人的全面自由发展是人类社会发展的终极目标。运动员的全面发展是世界各国竞技体育发展面临的共同问题,也是我国当前亟待解决的问题。我国竞技体育界一直探索和践行的体教结合,就是促进运动员全面发展的一项具体措施。
体教结合即运动训练和文化教育的合理结合,使运动员成为与同龄人有着相同文化水平的社会人。多年来,美国作为教育和体育强国在这方面积累了许多宝贵经验。本文主要采用文献资料研究、问卷调查、实地考察、质的研究等方法,首先从美国的小学、中学直至大学即美国非职业运动员完整的成长过程分析入手,研究美国运动员体育与教育结合的现状,再从美国的历史,教育,科学,法律,经济,价值观,媒体等多维度分析美国非职业竞技体育体教结合成功的成因,旨在全面了解美国运动员体育与教育结合的基本状况,总结经验,为我国运动员培养提供借鉴。本人在美国八年的学习和生活经历、与美国体育界高层形成的关系网,以及本人在体育大学学习和省专业队训练的经历,再加上7年的运动技术学院教师工作经历,为这篇论文的顺利完成提供了保证。本研究的主要结论如下
1、美国小学阶段运动员的成长与普通小学生无本质差异,参与体育的方式是由家长出资在课外时间参加俱乐部训练。小学阶段最为普及的体育项目为足、篮、棒和橄榄球,家长希望孩子参加运动的动机是使其获得快乐、健康和自信。约20%的学生参加校外训练。校方对取得良好运动成绩者给予精神鼓励。
2、美国中学阶段学生开始校队系统训练,中学阶段不设全国锦标赛。美国高中协会联盟是中学生体育运动的最高管理和监督机构,为中学生学业进步和运动训练提供法规和规则保障。中学竞技体育是美国整体素质教育的重要组成部分,是促进学业进步,追求健康人生的有效手段。约50%中学生从事体育运动,他们从事运动的动机是获得快乐、健康和大学奖学金。
3、美国大学阶段运动员的训练、比赛及缺课时间明显增加,但由于NCAA的严格管理和美国科学的训练理念和方法,使运动员大学生的学习成绩和毕业率均高于普通大学生,他们不仅是校园生活的亮点,同时又是奥运会的后备军和参与者。
4、美国非职业运动员的成长过程对我国运动员培养的启示：置身于学校的美国高水平竞技体育是教育的组成部分,运动员必须在达到学校对普通学生的要求的前提下,才‘有权从事竞技运动。合理的训练时间规定不仅有利于获得运动成绩避免受伤和过度训练,还为文化课学习提供了时间和精力上的保证。而严格的法律规定和监督实施以及科学的训练理念和方法,是实现上述要求和规定的前提。
5、美国非职业竞技体育经过百年的发展已形成一良性循环的运作体制,它是在美国法律、经济、教育、科学等诸多领域的保障下,在美国的价值观、哲学思想、战争教训、种族优势以及媒体渗透等众多因素的影响下得以实现的。为此,中国体教结合必须立足于我国的基本国情,有选择地汲取美国的经验。
The individuals'pursuit of a free and all-round development is an ultimate goal of the human society. The effort to facilitate the athletes'all-round development is not only a common issue faced up by each country in the world in its undertakings to develop high-level performance, but also an urgent problem the Chinese sport community endeavours to solve. In this context, how to integrate athletes' academic achievement with their success in sport career, which has been studied and practiced in China, embodies specifically the measures the sport community in China adopts to cultivate its athletes for their all-round development.
The integration of athletic training with academic education means an effort to ensure student-athletes to maintain a reasonable balance both in their sport performance and school education so as to cultivate them into the socially accepted persons whose cultural level is as high as the general student body of the same age group. For many years, the United States as an education and sport power has accumulated a lot of valuable experience in this aspect.
By using the methods including the literature review, questionnaire, observation and qualitative research, this study firstly analysed the complete growth process of American student-athletes in elementary schools, middle schools and universities to identify the status quo of how the American student-athletes'education is integrated with their athletic training programs. Then, from the perspectives of American history, education, science, law, economy, value system and media, the study went on to explore the impacts of various factors contributing to the successful integration of student-athletes'academic pursuit with their sport development. The ultimate purpose of this study was to gain a full understanding of the basic conditions prevailing in the United States for the integration of student-athletes'education with their athletic training and generalize successful experience from Americans practice in this aspect, with an anticipation to draw useful references to China for its efforts to produce well-educated athletes.
The author of this study lived in the United States for eight years. During this period of time, the author developed an effective network with sport authorities of high level in the country. Moreover, the author pursued an education at a prestigious sport institute of higher learning in China and had been trained at a provincial volleyball team for a few years. Also, the author worked as a faculty at a college of high level performance for seven years. All experience as such guaranteed a smooth completion of this study.
The conclusions of this study are as follows:
1. The growth patterns of the elementary school student-athletes have no significant difference from the rest of the general student body. When engaged in the sport training, the parents of the student-athletes played an important role by sending their children to sport clubs for an out-of-school training programs, on their own costs. The most popular sports played at the elementary school level are soccer, basketball, baseball and football. The motivations the parents have to have their children be engaged in sport training are found to be for fun, health and confidence building-up. About20%of elementary school students participate in out-of-school sport activities. And the school authorities mostly provide spiritual prize to those student-athletes who achieve good results in their sports.
2. Student-athletes started their systematic training programs on the school teams when they moved to the middle school level. There is no national championship organized for the middle school student-athletes in the United States. As the highest authority and governing body of the middle school sport programs, the National Federation of State High School Associations sets forth regulations to protect and promote the middle school student-athletes'rights for their academic progress and sport pursuits. The competitive sport in the middle school setting in the US has been recognized as a crucial component contributing to the comprehensive quality education of the middle school students. It is also boosted as an effective means to facilitate the student-athletes'pursuit for academic progress and a healthy lifestyle. About50%of the middle school students participate in the sport activities of various kinds. Their motivation for sport participation has been found to be for fun, health and winning of grant-in-aids (scholarship) from the universities they will apply to.
3. At the university level, the time the student-athletes devoted to their sport training and competition is significantly increased, while the frequency of class missing is also correspondently increased. However, due to the strict policies set forth by the National Collegiate Athletic Association on student-athletes'academic development, the student-athletes'academic progress rate and graduation rate are found to be higher than the general student body; and thanks to the advanced scientific conceptions and methods applied to their training programs, the student-athletes at this level not only become the nation's reserved power of the Olympic talents and the participants of the Olympic Games, but also the highlights of campus life.
4. The important inspirations drawn from the growth pattern of the American student-athletes are:(1) high-level performance in the university settings in the US is a component part of higher education. The student-athletes cannot engage themselves in the athletic training unless they meet the requirements the school authority sets forth for the general student body. And (2) the regulations to protect reasonable exercise duration/session avoid the possible injuries and excessive training and provide a guarantee both in time and energy for the athletes to attend the schools. The enforcement of laws and regulations on student-athletes'education, the effective supervision and implementation of the relevant regulations, and the adoption of the scientific training conceptions and methods are the pre-conditions to help student-athletes to meet the requirements and regulations.
5. Since the beginning of last century, the non-professional competitive sport in the US has evolved into a system of sound operation. The system is resulted not only from the guarantees of various developments such as laws, economy, education and science, but also from the impacts of American's value system, philosophical thoughts, lessons drawn from the war, the goodness of the race, as well as the involvement of the media unique to the American society. In this sense, to develop a Chinese version applicable for the athletes to integrate their academic pursuit with sport performance, we must firstly base our efforts on the factual situations of our country and selectively draw the successful experience from the US.
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[1]据英国牛津词典称,马凡氏综合征(marfan's syndrome)又名蜘蛛指(趾)综合征,属于一种先天性遗传性结缔组织疾病,为常染色体显性遗传,有家族史。主要表现为骨骼、眼和心血管系统受累。心血管方面表现为大动脉中层弹力纤维发育不全,主动脉或腹总主动脉扩张,形成主动脉瘤或腹总主动脉瘤。主动脉扩张到一定程度以后,将造成主动脉大破裂死亡。发病率约0.04%o～0.1‰。骨骼肌肉系统：主要有四肢细长,蜘蛛指(趾),双臂平伸指距大于身长,双手下垂过膝,下半身比上半身长。长头畸形、面窄、高腭弓、耳大且低位。皮下脂肪少,肌肉不发达,胸、腹、臂皮肤皱纹
[2]感染性单核血球病(mononucleosis),感染性单核血球病将导致发烧、喉头炎、淋巴节增长等等众多症状
[3]柯萨奇病毒是一类常见的经呼吸道和消化道感染人体的病毒,感染后人会出现发热、打喷嚏、咳嗽等感冒症状。柯萨奇病毒对乳鼠的敏感性很高,根据它们感染乳鼠产生的病灶,柯萨奇病毒可以分为a、b两组。