摘要
电化学免疫传感器将免疫分析和电化学传感器技术结合,具有体积小、选择性和灵敏度高、响应时间短、所需样品少等特点。电化学免疫传感器在医药工业、环境监测和食品安全检测等诸多领域有着广阔的应用前景。而纳米技术特别是各种具有特殊性质的纳米材料应用于电化学免疫传感器领域后,不仅提高了传感器的检测性能,而且使传感器的各方面性质以及其对生物大分子或者小分子的检测灵敏度显著提高,检测时间也得以缩短,并且可以实现高通量的实时分析检测。
随着中国经济的增长和国民收入的增加和消费观念、健康观念的变化,食品安全问题也逐渐成为公众关注的焦点。近年来,重大的食品安全事件时有发生,严重危害了广大消费者身体健康。因此,开发快速、灵敏、可靠的食品安全检测方法是当前众多科研工作者的重中之重的工作。
本论文的工作主要集中在将纳米技术与电化学免疫分析技术相结合,开发了基于纳米材料的新型电化学免疫传感器,将其应用于食品中有代表性的有毒有害物苏丹红、瘦肉精和氯霉素的检测,并初步探讨了其检测机理。在此基础之上开发了光电化学免疫传感器阵列并应用于食品安全高通量分析。
第一章绪论
本章综述了电化学免疫传感器的原理、分类及其研究进展以及纳米材料在构建电化学免疫传感器过程中的特殊作用。概述了我国食品安全的现状,食品中具有代表性的有毒有害物如苏丹红、瘦肉精和氯霉素的残留危害及其现有的检测技术等等。并在现有检测技术的基础上,提出了本论文研究的内容和意义。
第二章基于单克隆抗体的电化学免疫传感器用于苏丹红Ⅰ号检测的研究
本章工作利用杂交瘤技术制备了苏丹红Ⅰ号单克隆抗体,并将其固定于金电极上首次制备了苏丹红Ⅰ号电化学免疫传感器。将邻巯基苯甲酸(O-MBA)共价键合于金电极表面形成自组装膜(SAM),再利用碳二亚胺偶联法将苏丹红Ⅰ号单克隆抗体固定于自主装膜上。用循环伏安法(CV)研究了传感器制备过程及每步修饰后电极表面性质。所制备的免疫传感器利用电化学交流阻抗法(EIS)在最优条件下对苏丹红Ⅰ号进行了检测,通过苏丹红Ⅰ号和传感器上固定和抗体特异性结合所引起的交流阻抗的变化来测定抗原浓度。检测范围为0.05～50ngmL-1,检测限达到0.03ng mL-1(3σ)。将该方法用于干辣椒粉样品的分析,加标样品回收率在96.50%-107.3%之间。实验结果表明,该研究为苏丹红Ⅰ号检测提供了一种稳定可靠、高灵敏度和高选择性的新方法。
第三章双重信号放大的竞争型免疫传感器的制备及其应用于瘦肉精检测的研究
本章制备了葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)-克伦特罗(Clenbuterol, CB)功能纳米复合物,并采用共价键合和温育组装等方法构建了双重信号放大的竞争型免疫传感器。研究了GOD催化氧化葡萄糖和普鲁士蓝(PB)催化还原H202双重信号放大的反应机理和传感器检测CB的作用机制。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法表征了纳米复合材料的形貌和复合物中GOD的活性,复合物中的GOD保持了良好的电催化性能和酶动力学响应,并且符合米氏动力学方程。最佳实验条件下,该免疫传感器对盐酸克伦特罗的检测线性范围为0.01ng mL-1～100ng mL-1,检测限达4.5pg mL-1。实验结果表明,该传感器对瘦肉精克伦特罗的检测具有灵敏度高,特异性强,重现性好,线性范围宽和检测限低等优点。将该方法用于猪肝样品的分析,加标样品回收率在97.50%～102.1%之间。该研究为瘦肉精及p-受体兴奋剂的分析提供了一种新方法。
第四章Cu@Au纳米粒子标记的电化学免疫传感器的制备及应用于克伦特罗检测的研究
本章制备了Cu@Au内米粒子标记的克伦特罗单克隆抗体。用透射电子显微镜(TEM)等方法表征了标记抗体前后Cu@Au内米粒子的形貌和性质。将克伦特罗-羧基化碳纳米管(CB-CMWCNTs)复合物固定于电极表面,再将Cu@Au纳米粒子标记的CB单克隆抗体特异性结合于该复合物上构建了竞争型CB电化学免疫传感器。检测体系中竞争CB浓度越大,传感器表面结合的标记抗体的量越小。将铜@金纳米粒子以Cu2+的形式溶出,采用GC/Nafion/Au修饰电极阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)测定标记物中铜的浓度,从而间接测定竞争克伦特罗的含量。最佳实验条件下,该传感器对克伦特罗的最低检测限可达0.03ng mL-1,且整个检测过程可在2h内完成。将该方法用于猪肝样品中CB的测定,所得结果与传统酶联免疫分析法结果无显著差异。
第五章壳聚糖-空心纳米金球复合膜修饰电化学免疫传感器的制备及其应用于食品中氯霉素残留检测的研究
本章制备了基于壳聚糖-空心纳米金球复合膜修饰的电化学免疫传感器,用将其应用于食品中氯霉素的快速检测。以Co纳米粒子为牺牲模板合成了空心纳米金球(HGNs),并用透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征其形貌和尺寸。采用电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)研究了传感器修饰过程。在最优化实验条件下,壳聚糖-空心纳米金球复合膜修饰的电化学免疫传感器对氯霉素的检测具有较宽的线性范围(0.1～1000ng mL-1),低检测限(0.06ng mL-1)。将该传感器用于肉类食品中氯霉素的检测,所得结果与高效液相色谱法得到的结果一致。该免疫传感器制备方法简单,稳定性好,灵敏度高,选择性好,在食品中氯霉素的检测方面有广阔的应用前景。
第六章基于巯基乙酸包覆CdS量子点的光电免疫传感器阵列制备及其用于兽药残留物多通道分析的研究
本章工作制备了基于巯基乙酸包覆的CdS量子点的光电免疫传感器阵列用于兽药残留物的多通道分析。在该系统中,将聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA),金纳米粒子(Au NPs)和巯基乙酸包覆的CdS量子点层层自主装于自制的金电极阵列上形成(CdS/PDDA/Au NPs/PDDA)n多层膜。并利用电化学交流阻抗谱表征了自组装膜的修饰过程。然后用经典的EDC偶联反应将克伦特罗单克隆抗体、莱克多巴胺单克隆抗体和氯霉素单克隆抗体分别共价键合于金电极阵列上制备了免疫传感器阵列。基于CdS量子点的光电化学效应同时对CB, RAC和CAP进行定性、定量分析。最佳实验条件下,该方法对CB, RAC口CAP的检测限分别可达25,50和2.2pg mL-1(3σ)。将该传感器用于猪肝样品中CB, RAC和CAP分析,回收率在95.40至105.5%之间。实验结果表明,该免疫传感器为兽药残留高通量定性、定量分析提供了一种快速有效的实用分析方法。
Electrochemical immunosensors, combining immunoassay and electrochemical sensor technology, serve as an interdisciplinary frontier related to chemistry, biology, physics and electronics. Owing to their high sensitivity and selectivity, fast responses and advantages in miniaturization and online detection potentials, electrochemical immunosensors have been extensively studied and applied in clinical medicine, environment protection and food inspection. Recently, nanomaterials, due to their unique properties, are widely used for developing electrochemical immunosensors. The application of nanomaterials has brought a great momentum to electrochemical immunosensors and open new horizons for highly sensitive detection, which provides an avenue for high-throughput analysis of both small molecules and biological macromolecules.
With the growth of Chinese economy, the increasing of national income and the changes in consumption concept and concept of health, food safety has become the focus of public concern. However, series of serious food safety related accidents occurred recently have been seriously endanger people's health, and have become a major public health problem and social problems. To this end, public health concerns highlight the need for developing effective, rapid, sensitive, and selective food safety detection methods.
In this dissertation, we studied on the development of the novel electrochemical immunosensors based on nanomaterials, the detection mechanism of the immunosensors and their applications in the analysis of sudan I, clenbuterol and chloramphenicol in food stuffs. The dissertation is divided into six parts:
Chapter one:Preface
This chapter reviews the main aspects of application of electrochemical immunosensor in food safety detection, including basic knowledge of electrochemical immunosensors, synthesis of the nanomaterials and its applications in the construction of electrochemical immunosensors. Then present situation and sources of food safety problems in China, the harm of the representative toxic and hazardous compounds (such as sudan I, clenbuterol and chloramphenicol) residues in food stuffs and the present analytical techniques for their detection are briefly introduced. Finally, the work and significance of this dissertation are brought forward.
Chapter two:A monoclonal antibody-based immunosensor for detection of Sudan I using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Sudan I monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were prepared by hybridoma technique and firstly used to develop a Sudan I immunosensor by immobilizing the Mabs on a gold electrode. O-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) was covalently conjugated on the gold electrode to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The immobilization of Sudan I Mabs to the SAM was carried out through a stable acyl amino ester intermediate generated by1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydrosuccinimide (NHS), which could condense antibodies reproducibly and densely on the SAM. The changes of the electrode behavior after each assembly step were investigated by cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique. The Sudan I concentration was measured through the increase of impedance values in the corresponding specific binding of Sudan I and Sudan I antibody. A linear relationship between the increased electron-transfer resistance (Ret) and the logarithmic value of Sudan I concentrations was found in the range of0.05to50ng mL-1with the detection limit of0.03ng mL-1. Using hot chili as a model sample, acceptable recovery of96.5-107.3%was obtained. The results were validated by conventional HPLC method with good correlation. The proposed method was proven to be a feasible quantitative method for Sudan I analysis with the properties of stability, highly sensitivity and selectivity.
Chapter three:Construction of Dual Signal Amplification Competitive Immunosensor for Detection of Clenbuterol
A dual signal amplification immunosensor based on glucose oxidase (GOD)-functionalized nanocomposites was developed for the detection of clenbuterol. The characteristics of the nanocomposites were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photometry. The results indicate GOD in the nanocomposites keeps good enzyme dynamic response and electro-catalysis performance. The detection mechanism of the immunosensor was investigated by electrochemical methods of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A set of experimental conditions were also optimized for the detection of clenbuterol. The developed immunosensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility, which had a wide linear range of0.01～100ng mL-1and a low detection limit of4.50pg mL-1for clenbuterol. Accurate detection of clenbuterol in pig liver samples was demonstrated by standard addition method.
Chapter four:Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for rapid detection of clenbuterol using anodic stripping voltammetry based on Cu@Au nanoparticles as antibody labels
An electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive and rapid detection of clenbuterol (CB) using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) has been developed based on core-shell Cu@Au nanoparticles (NPs) as anti-clenbuterol antibody labels. The characteristics of Cu@Au NPs before and after binding with antibody were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A competitive immunoreaction system, which is defined as clenbuterol-carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CMWCNTs) conjugates immobilized on electrode compete with the free clenbuterol for Cu@Au bimetallic NPs labeled antibody, was applied to determine the free CB in PBS by detection of the Cu@Au NPs labels. Cu@Au NPs were dissolved by oxidation to the metal ionic forms, and the released Cu2+were determined at GC/Nafion/Hg modified electrode by ASV. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed immunoassay could detect CB with a detection limit of0.03ng mL-1and the overall analysis could be completed in2h. Accurate detection of clenbuterol in spiked pig liver samples was demonstrated by comparison with conventional ELISA method.
Chapter five:Label-free immunoassay for Chloramphenicol based on hollow gold nanospheres/chitosan composite
A novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor for rapid determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) was fabricated by entrapping monoclonal antibody to chloramphenicol (anti-CAP) in hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs)/chitosan composite modified on a glassy carbon electrode. The hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs) were prepared by using Co nanoparticles as sacrificial templates and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The changes of the electrode behavior after each fabrication step were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. Under optimal conditions, the proposed immunosensor has a sensitive response to CAP in a linear range of0.1～1000ng mL-1with the detection limit of0.06ng mL-1. Accurate detection of CAP in real meat samples was demonstrated by comparison with conventional HPLC method. The proposed method was proven to be a feasible quantitative method for CAP analysis with the properties of simple preparation, stability, high sensitivity and selectivity.
Chapter six:Photoelectrochemical immunosensor array based on thioglycolic acid capped CdS quantum dots for multiplexed detection of veterinary drug residues
A photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on multi-electrode array was developed for simultaneous and sensitive determination of veterinary drug residues. In this system, poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)(PDDA), Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped CdS quantum dots (QDs) were layer-by-layer assembled onto the home-made Au electrode array. The assembling process of the (CdS/PDDA/Au NPs/PDDA)n multilayer was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. And then the antibodies for clenbuterol (CB), ractopamine (RAC) and chloramphenicol (CAP) were covalently immobilized onto the Au electrode array by1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide(EDC) coupling reaction, respectively. The concentrations of CB, RAC and CAP were measured based on the photoelectrochemical effects of CdS QDs, Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) for CB, RAC and CAP were25,50and2.2pg mL-1(3σ), respectively, with acceptable recovery over the range of95.40-105.5%in pig liver samples. All results indicate that the immunosensor array system has potential application for practical, effective and high throughput analysis of veterinary drugs residues.
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