摘要
矿产资源对国民经济和社会发展具有重要作用。随着经济全球化的发展和WTO体制的建立和完善,矿产资源配置呈现全球化趋势,国际竞争日益激烈。本文首次针对铁、铜、铬、钾、稀土、钨、锡、煤、石油、天然气等十个矿种,将矿产资源的自然特征、市场需求、对外贸易和宏观管理结合起来,分析了经济全球化背景下的世界矿产资源供需市场格局和各国矿产资源开发利用战略,从我国矿产资源供求、贸易、检验监管和矿业企业海外投资现状出发,运用回归分析方法对铁、铜、煤、石油等矿产需求量进行了预测,建立了具有行业特色的矿业企业信息化管理模型(M-ERP),提出了出入境矿产品“全程备案、全程监管、全程评估”制度,以铁矿石为例,综合创新,构建了由检验规程、限量和评价标准、检测标准三个层次组成的完整的检验标准体系框架。
在此基础上,本文从国家、社会、企业三个层面提出了经济全球化背景下的矿产资源开发利用对策:
一是要内外并举保障紧缺矿产供应。既要稳定和提高国内资源保证程度,又要多元化利用国际资源。二是要加强管理提高优势矿产开发和出口效益。要从生产和出口“大国”变为“强国”,加强我国优势矿产的国际地位和在国际市场上的主导作用,合理、有序配置优势矿产。三是要开发与节约并重实现能源矿产可持续发展。要加大国内能源矿产的勘查开发力度和对国际油气资源的资本投入,推进国际能源合作,有计划地采取煤炭出口替代石油进口措施,提高能源运输能力和经济效率。四是要控制资源消耗建设节约型社会。要通过必要的制度安排,控制资源消耗,以“低投入、低消耗、低排放、高效益、可循环”的方式实现可持续发展。五是要加强检验监管维护国家利益。要合理利用世贸规则,加强部际合作,实施出入境矿产品“全程备案、全程监管、全程评估”制度,建立完善检验检疫标准化体系,为国家宏观调控和对外谈判提供支持。六是要应用信息技术提高矿业企业国际竞争力。要通过设计信息化管理模型,部署实施信息化管理系统,提高企业信息化水平。
Mineral resources play an important role in the development of economy and society. With the development of economic globalization, the WTO system, and the mineral resources’global allocation, the international competition becomes increasingly fierce. This research studies the natural characteristics, market demand, foreign trade and macro-management of iron ore, copper, chromium, potassium, rare earths, tungsten, tin, coal, oil, and natural gas together for the first time, examines the world supply and demand situation in the background of economic globalization, compares the policies on mineral resources of different countries, analyzes China’s imports & exports statistics, inspection results, and oversea investments of selected mineral commodities, makes a forecast on the future mineral demands using the method of regression analysis, builds a mining enterprise information management Model(M-ERP), designs an whole filing, inspection and assessment system of mineral entry & exit, addresses the limitations of current iron ore inspection and testing standards, and composes a new three layer inspection system framework made up of procedures, limits and standards. On this basis, this research puts forward the strategy of exploitation and utilization of mineral resources from different points of view, addressing following aspects:
The first is to increase both the domestic production and the oversea exploration & exploitation to guarantee the supply of scarce resources. It is necessary to improve the stability of domestic supply, and utilize all available international resources.
The second is to strengthen the government management system of abundant mineral resources to increase the export profits. It is important to change our country from a "big country" of mineral production and export into a "powerful" one, being able to occupy the international market, and play the leading role through rational and orderly allocation of abundant mineral resources.
The third is to stress both exploration and conservation of energy resources to achieve sustainable development. It is necessary to raise the exploration capability of domestic energy resources and increase overseas oil and gas investment, promote international energy cooperation in a planned way, such as exporting coal in replacement of importing oil, develop transport capacity, and improve the efficiency use the energy efficiency .
The fourth is to control the consumption of mineral resources and build a conservation-minded society. It is necessary to make institutional arrangements to control the consumption of resources, and achieve sustainable development through a way of "low input, low consumption, low emission, high efficiency, high recycling".
The fifth is to strengthen the government’s inspection system of mineral commodities to protect the nation’s benefits. It is important to use the WTO rules rationally and strengthen the cooperations between the related ministries to implement the whole filing, inspection and assessment system of imported and exported minerals, establish and improve the standardization of inspection and quarantine system, and provide the useful data for the government to make better macro-control and gain advantage in international negotiations.
The sixth is to use information technology to improve the international competitiveness of mining companies by designing an information management model, and implementing the information management systems.
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