摘要
微通道板(Microchannel Plate, MCP)作为一种通道式电子倍增器阵列,具有维空间和时间分辨能力,以及对多种辐射物直接探测的能力,是集信号放大与成像探测等为一体的多功能探测器,因此具有广阔的应用前景和研究价值。
本论文针对MCP玻璃材料设计和制作工艺以及基于MCP的成像探测器等方面进行了深入的研究,主要研究内容以及所完成的工作分为以下四个部分：
1.针对应用于三代像增强器的MCP的玻璃成份优化以及制作工艺改进的研究,旨在提高MCP耐受真空烘烤和电子清刷能力,并增大MCP的开口面积比,以确保三代像增强器可靠性要求同时改善信噪比。
研制了一种优化玻璃设计的25mm直径6μm孔径MCP,开口面积比达到68%,确保了三代像增强器5000小时以上的可靠性要求,同时MCP噪声因子降低到1.8,使三代像增强器的信噪比达到25：1。针对研制过程中该MCP制作的像增强器出现的“记忆”现象,分析得出MCP通道内壁的导电层和发射层间存在的富硅层过厚而具有远较导电层要大的电阻,是导致像增强器出现“记忆”现象的原因,并通过严格控制MCP的制作过程,消除了“记忆”现象的出现。
2.无膜或薄膜MCP三代像增强器的可行性及技术途径探究。完全除去离子阻挡膜可以最大化三代像增强器的光阴极效率的有效利用率,但增加了可靠性的风险,减小膜层厚度是一种更为灵活的途径。
从理论上讲,将微通道阵列结构移植到体导电基体可使MCP免受离子反馈难题的困绕。研制了一种磷酸钒铁铅系统的体导电玻璃,完成了25mm直径10μm孔径60：1长径比体导电玻璃MCP样品的制作,但这种体导电玻璃MCP的增益较低,并且在机械强度上存在严重不足。
通过MCP玻璃成份的再优化,减少MCP基体中形成离子反馈的有害物种总量,减薄离子阻挡膜,可在维持甚至提高三代像增强器可靠性的同时,进一步改善三代像增强器的信噪比。研制了一种玻璃成份和微结构再优化的25mm直径6μm孔径MCP,在三代像增强器上的试验证明其噪声因子降低到1.7,同时三代像增强器的工作寿命还得到了进一步的提高。
3.应用于条纹相机和分幅相机的大面积低阻抗小孔径MCP研制,以及应用于瞬态光学成像的MCP的时间增益和动态特性的研究。
研制了一种低阻抗MCP玻璃,将还原铅硅酸盐玻璃的最小表面电阻率调整到1012～1013Ω/□范围,满足了制作多种规格的低阻抗MCP的要求。同时,对MCP的饱和效应对条纹相机的动态范围的影响,以及X射线分幅相机超高速脉冲电压选通MCP增益的时间和动态特性的限定因素进行了分析和研究。
4.采用在MCP玻璃中引入中子灵敏核素,如10B或155,157Gd,使MCP具备对中子探测能力,将MCP的应用拓展到以中子为探针的成像探测。
完成了掺10mol%natB2O3、掺3mole%natGd2O3和3mole%natGd2O3+10mol%natB2O3的50mm直径10μm孔径的MCP制作,实验得出3mole%natGd2O3玻璃的MCP能够达到对热中子成像的35%的探测效率,通过理论模型预示掺3mole%natGd2O3的MCP对热中子的探测效率相当于甚至优于掺20mole%的10B203的MCP,并且通过MCP几何结构的优化,掺3mole%natGd2O3的MCP的探测效率还具有相当程度提高的潜力。
As a channel electron multiplier array with two-dimensional spatial and temporal resolution, as well as the direct detection ability for several of radiations, Microchannel Plate (MCP) is a powerful multifunctional detector, so it has broad application prospects and scientific value.
This dissertation is focus on the research of MCP glass material design, fabrication process, as well as MCP based imaging detector, there are four main research topics and achievements in this dissertation:
1. The research of MCP with glass composition optimized and fabrication process improved specially for generation third (Gen. Ⅲ) image intensifier, providing which can be impose to a higher temperature bake and exceeding intensive electron scrubbing, and an larger open area ratio (OAR), to ensure the reliability while achieve an improved signal to noise ratio (SNR) of Gen.Ⅲ image intensifier.
A25mm diameter6μm pore size format MCP with optimized glass composition was developed, the OAR of this MCP is up to68%, the mean time to failure (MTTF) of this MCP assembled Gen. Ⅲ image intensifier was achieved excess5,000hours, and noise factor is decreased to1.8, SNR is up to25:1. As a strange "memory" phenomenon was occurred on this MCP assumed image intensifiers, an attempt to explain the formation mechanism of this phenomenon was made and concluded conclusion that "memory" phenomenon of image intensifiers were the results of a thicker silicon-rich layer, which existed between emission layer and conduction layer of channel inner wall of this MCP, having much higher resistance compare with conduction layer, and this phenomenon was eliminated through a strictly controlled MCP manufacture process.
2. Exploring the feasibility and approach for unfilmed or thin film MCP based Gen. Ⅲ image intensifiers. Completely removal of ion barrier film (IBF) can maximize the effective availability of photocathode quantum efficiency of Gen. Ⅲ image intensifiers, but increasing the risk of reliability, thinning the thickness of film is a more flexible approach.
Theoretically, extension of MCP to a bulk conductive substrate was considered to be an effective approach to eliminate ion feedback problem, so a vanadium iron lead alumina phosphate glass was developed, although it was succeed in fabricating some experimental samples of25mm diameter rimless format MCP with10μm pore diameter and60:1length to diameter (L/D) ratio, but its gain is lower, and its mechanical strength is insufficient.
Though further reformulation of MCP glass composition, to restrict ion poisoning resource formation within the substrate of MCP, making it possible for thinning the thickness of IBF, would further improve the SNR while maintain even enhance the reliability of Gen. Ⅲ image intensifier. A25mm diameter6μm pore size format MCP with reformulation of composition and devitrification remodification of microstructure was developed, this MCP assembled Gen.Ⅲ image intensifier demonstrated a noise factor of1.69, while the MTTF is also further improved.
3. Development of lager area format low resistance small pore size MCP for steak camera and frame camera, and research of the temporal gain and dynamic property of MCP applied to instantaneous phenomenon imaging detection.
A low resistance MCP glass was developed, this reduced lead silicate glass was tailored to have a minimum surface resistivity range of1012～1013Ω/□, and meet the technical details requirement of several of geometry specification low resistance MCP fabrication, at the same time, the influence of saturation effect of MCP on dynamic range of streak cameras, as well as the temporal gain and dynamic character of ultra-high speed gated MCP applied for X-ray framing camera were analyzed and investigated.
4. Making MCP sensitive to neutrons, by direct addition of neutron-absorbing atoms into MCP glass, such as10B and155,157Gd, and thus extending the application of MCP to the field of imaging detection which use neutron as probe.
A50mm diameter rimless10μm pore size format MCP doped with10mol%natB2O3,3mole%natGd2O3and3mole%natGd2O3+10mol%natB2O3, respectively, were fabricated, experimental tests proved the MCP doped with3mole%natGd2O3is capable of imaging thermal neutrons with35%detection efficiency. Theoretical modeling prediction that the detection efficiency of a MCP doped with3mole%of natGd2O3is equivalent even superior to a MCP doped with20mole%of10B2O3, and a potential of enhancement on detection efficiency of this MCP doped with3mole%natGd2O3can also be achieved through a geometry structure optimization.
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