摘要
Spielberger将焦虑分为特质焦虑和状态焦虑。特质焦虑是一种相对稳定的人格特质,即把一个外界刺激环境知觉为危险的或有威胁的倾向,以及对这个威胁可能产生状态焦虑反应的倾向。状态焦虑是一种不愉快的情绪体验,一般为短暂性的,随着时间不同其强度和波动性也在变化中。在大量的有关焦虑的认知研究中,研究者围绕焦虑与认知偏向的关系进行了深入的研究,形成了一系列的相关理论。大量研究表明,焦虑个体对情绪信息尤其是负性情绪信息有认知偏向。本研究遵循这一思路,采用不同的实验范式,试图从多个角度来探讨个体对焦虑不同调节情况下其认知偏向特点,揭示焦虑对认知偏向影响的内在规律。
本研究包括三部分实验:分别采用情绪Stroop范式、情绪启动实验和时距估计的方法,从个体对焦虑的不同调节情况着手,探讨他们的认知偏向特点。根据Spielberger的状态—特质焦虑量表,从辽宁师范大学的大二本科生中筛选出51名学生作为研究对象,分为两组:一组为参加实验时的状态焦虑分数低于平时测定的特质焦虑分数者,定义为低常组;另一组为参加实验时的状态焦虑分数高于平时测定的特质焦虑分数者,定义为高常组。
本研究结果表明:(1)在阈下情绪Stroop实验中,无论低常组还是高常组,对情绪信息都没有表现出注意偏向。(2)在阈下情绪启动实验中,低常组和高常组被试都发生了情绪启动,哭启动效应显著。(3)在时距估计实验中,低常组在情绪表情(哭和笑)启动时要比中性表情启动时高估时间,而高常组在情绪表情(哭和笑)启动时要比中性表情启动时低估时间,低常组与高常组在情绪表情(哭和笑)启动下和中性表情启动下的时间估计趋势差异显著,即时间知觉差异显著。
Spielberger suggested that anxiety can be classified as trait anxiety and state anxiety. Trait anxiety is a personality trait, a tendency that people feel environmental with stimulus is dangerous and threatening, and be with anxiety reaction as a consequence. State anxiety is an emotional experience, transitorily, and the strength changes over time. Researchers made a large number of thoroughly investigations about the relationship of anxiety and cognitive bias. Many results indicated that the individuals with anxiety had cognitive bias with emotional information, especially negative emotional information. From that point, the present study used multiple experiment paradigms to explore the cognitive bias feature of individuals with different anxious adjustment from different angles, and tried to unveil the internal principles of cognitive bias.
The present research included 3 experiments using emotional Stroop paradigm, emotional priming experiment and duration estimation method to explore the cognitive bias feature of different individuals, from the angles of their dissimilar anxious adjustment. According to the results of Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, we chose 51 sophomores as subjects, and then divided them into two groups. One group was defined as lower anxiety than normal group that subjects’state anxiety scores in experiment were lower than trait anxiety scores in normal time. The other group was higher anxiety than normal group that subjects’state anxiety scores in experiment were higher than trait anxiety scores in normal time.
The research results indicated:
(1)In the subliminal emotional Stroop experiment, no matter lower anxiety than normal group or higher anxiety than normal group, expressed no attention bias to emotional information;
(2)In the subliminal emotional priming experiment, both groups’subjects showed emotional arousal with the cry priming effect being significant;
(3)In the duration estimation experiment, lower anxiety than normal group for emotional expression priming(cry and smile) was apt to estimate time longer than that for neuter expression priming,higher anxiety than normal group for emotional expression priming(cry and smile) was apt to estimate time shorter than that for neuter expression priming,the tendencies of the differences between the emotional expression priming and neuter expression priming in two groups were significantly different,the two groups had significantly different interval timing perception.
引文
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