摘要
随着视频编码技术及无线通信技术的迅速发展，多媒体通信已成为无线通信的主要业务之一。然而，实际中的无线视频传输面临严峻的挑战：其一，视频数据必须经过高效压缩以满足无线信道有限带宽的约束；其二，使用变长编码和预测编码技术压缩后的视频数据具有较强的相关性，从而编码后的视频码流对信道错误非常敏感，同时由于受到多种干扰的影响，无线信道具有较高的误码率，不能为视频传输提供服务质量保证。因此，无线视频传输中差错控制方法的研究成为重要的研究课题，它可在有效利用有限信道资源的同时，提高解码端的恢复视频质量。本文主要对差错控制方法中的容错视频编码方法和不等差错/丢失保护方法进行了研究，主要工作和研究成果如下：
1.考虑图像组中不同编码类型视频帧对整个图像组的恢复视频质量影响不同，以及同一slice中不同数据分割部分对该slice的恢复视频质量影响不同的特性，提出一种量化图像组中不同视频帧各数据分割部分对整个图像组恢复视频质量影响程度的方法。在此基础上，提出一种以图像组为单元的视频编码数据优先级划分方法。同时结合使用正交频分复用技术无线信道的特点，提出一种将高优先级视频编码数据和低优先级视频编码数据分别映射到高质量信道和低质量信道的鲁棒视频传输方法。与帧级视频编码数据优先级划分方法和视频传输方法相比，本文所提出的图像组级视频编码数据优先级划分方法和视频传输方法，具有更好的抗误码能力，从而提高了解码端的恢复视频质量。
2.联合考虑图像组中数据分组的位置特性以及分组中的视频内容特性，提出一种确定分组重要性的方法。同时，结合视频帧各数据分割部分之间的依赖关系及无线网络突发分组丢失的特性，提出一种利用信道编码实现视频分组可靠传输的有效不等丢失保护方法。在提出的不等丢失保护方法中，对图像组恢复视频质量影响较大的全部数据分割A部分的分组和部分数据分割B和C的分组提供较多保护，以确保这些分组以较低的分组丢失率传输到解码端，从而提高了解码端的恢复视频质量。
3.视频帧中具有不同内容特性的宏块对恢复视频质量的影响不同，根据这一特性提出一种同时考虑宏块内容空间特性和时间特性，适用于不等丢失保护的视频编码方法。在分析视频帧中宏块空间特性和时间特性的基础上，定义了一种量化宏块内容特性对恢复视频质量影响的内容特性函数。在内容特性函数中引入了能够反映空间相邻以及时间相邻宏块相关性强弱的加权因子。在此基础上，根据视频帧的编码类型和视频帧中各宏块的内容特性函数值确定当前视频帧中宏块到slice组的映射关系，以便将那些包含复杂纹理信息或快速运动的宏块划分到重要的slice组进行编码，有利于对该slice组提供较多的保护。
4.针对已有度量宏块重要性方法的复杂度高及不准确的问题，提出根据视频帧编码类型和视频帧中宏块内容特性定义宏块相对重要性的度量准则。在此基础上，根据无线网络误分组率与误码率和分组长度有关的特性，提出一种采用期望信道失真最小准则确定slice组内容和长度的slice组划分方法。由于slice组中宏块的内容及slice组的长度对视频编码性能和容错性能都有影响，因此与仅考虑宏块内容特性的slice组划分方法相比，提出的方法具有更好的视频传输性能。当信道条件好时，提高了编码效率；当信道条件变差时，具有更好的抗误码能力。
With the rapid development of the technologies of video coding and wirelesscommunication, multimedia communication over wireless networks achieves muchattention and has gained larger share of communication services in total. However, inreal video transmission applications, the challenge from two aspects should be welldealt with. On one hand, the original video data should be compressed efficiently tomeet the constraints on the limited-bandwidth of wireless channels. On the other hand,the use of variable length coding and prediction coding methods enhances thecorrelation of coded video data, hence the bitstream is highly sensitive to channel errors,i.e., bit errors or packet losses. Moreover, since wireless channel is time-varying andsubjected to interference, the wireless channel has high error bit rate and can notprovide the quality of service. Therefore, error control technologies to improve thequality of decoded video while efficiently exploiting channel bandwidth is an importantissue. In this thesis, the issues of error resilient video coding methods and unequalerror/loss protection schemes are studied. The major contributions of this thesis aresummarized as follows:
1. The video frames with different types in a group of pictures (GOP) are unequalin their importance to the entire reconstructed video quality of the GOP. On the otherhand, different data partitions belonging to one slice have different contribution to thereconstructed video quality of the current slice. Jointly considering these two aspects, ametric to quantify the unequal importance of different data partitions in a GOP to thedecoded video quality is defined. Based on this metric, a priority sorting method forcoded video data coming from a GOP is proposed. Furthermore, according to thecharacteristics of wireless channels using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) technology, the video data marked as high priority are assigned to high qualitychannel to transmit; similarly, the video data with low priority are allocated to lowquality channel to deliver. Compared to the priority sorting method and transmissionscheme at frame level, the proposed GOP-level priority sorting method andtransmission scheme has better error resilience, thus can improve the quality of thedecoded video.
2. Jointly considering the positions of different packets in a GOP and the contentcontained in different packets, a method to quantify the importance of packets ispresented. Furthermore, considering the syntax dependency among different datapartitions and the bursty packet loss property of wireless networks, an efficient unequal loss protection scheme exploiting channel coding is developed. In the proposed method,all the video packets with partition A and partial video packets with partitions B and Cin one GOP are provided more protection such that these important packets are arrivedwith low residual packet loss rate, thus improving the reconstructed video quality.
3. Considering the fact that the macroblocks with different content characteristicshave different impact on the reconstructed video quality, a video coding method, whichtakes into account of content characteristics of macroblocks, is proposed for unequalloss protection. Jointly taking into consideration of spatial and temporal contentcharacteristics of each macroblock belonging to one video frame, a contentcharacteristics function is defined. In the proposed content characteristics function, twoadaptive weighting factors are employed to embody the spatial correlation between thecurrent macroblock and the adjacent macroblocks, and the temporal correlation betweenthe current macroblock and the co-located macroblock in the previous frame,respectively. Moreover, arrcoding to the coded type of the video frame to which themacroblock under consideration belongs, and the value of content characteristicfunction, the macroblocks in one video frame are arranged into the important slicegroup and the unimportant slice group to encode. Therefore, the slice group containingmacroblocks with complex texture or/and fast movement can be provided moreprotection using various unequal loss protection schemes to improve the reconstructedvideo quality.
4. To overcome the disadvantages of high computational complexity and lowaccuracy of the existing methods for quantifying the relative importance of macrobloksin one video frame, the metric to measure the importance of macroblocks withlow-complexity and relative high accuracy are defined. In the proposed method, thecoded type of video frame and the content characteristics of macroblocks are jointlytaken into account. Furthermore, the error packet rate is related to the bit error rate andpacket length in wireless networks. Based on this fact, a flexible slice grouping methodto determine the content and length of each slice group adopting minimized channeldistortion metric is proposed.
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