摘要
当今世界经济和科学技术的快速发展,直接推动着人类物质文明向更高水平方向的迈进,与此同时,人类经济活动给环境带来的负面效应也与日俱增,自然资源短缺、生态环境恶化程度逐渐加深。面临这一严峻的现实问题,以生产者延伸责任制为代表的环境法律法规在各国纷纷出台,以求最大程度弥补“高投入、高消耗、高排放”为特征的传统经济发展模式带来的缺陷,并逐步引导向以“减量化、再利用、资源化”为特征的循环经济发展模式转变。基于此,本文以废旧汽车为研究对象,以提高资源利用率、减少环境污染为主要目的,较为深入的研究了废旧汽车资源化逆向物流运作管理的理论和方法,主要内容包括:
①通过对国内外废旧汽车回收利用的比较分析,结果表明:我国废旧汽车回收存在回收体系不健全、缺乏有效的激励机制、资源化技术水平落后、回收企业规模小等不足;在此基础上,通过逆向物流和资源化两者的联系,明确汽车资源化逆向物流的内涵,从逆向物流的目标、回收对象、功能、参与主体等方面较为全面地分析了废旧汽车资源化逆向物流活动过程;以循环经济理论为指导,建立了基于汽车产品全生命周期的资源化逆向物流系统结构体系;
②根据废旧汽车资源化逆向物流活动中参与主体的不同分工,将废旧汽车的回收处理模式分为汽车制造商直接回收处理模式、销售商回收转交制造商回收处理模式、汽车制造商联合体回收处理模式和第三方回收处理模式,分析了不同回收处理模式产生的机理、优缺点和适用范围;将废旧汽车回收数量表征为受回收价格和回收努力程度共同影响的二元一次供给函数,建立以参与主体利润为目标函数的优化决策模型,定量分析了不同回收处理模式中在其他参数相同情况下回收价格、回收数量、努力程度、最大利润的大小关系和最优取值条件;并运用博弈理论讨论了在利益共享契约下的合作机制设计,为汽车制造商选择适合自身发展的回收处理模式提供理论依据。
③根据废旧产品资源化途径,将逆向物流网络分为再使用逆向物流网络、再循环逆向物流网络和再制造逆向物流网络,分析不同逆向物流网络结构及其特点;结合废旧汽车以再制造利用为主要途径的特点,运用混合整数线性规划方法,重点研究由回收中心、拆解中心、再制造中心和配送中心等物流设施构成的汽车再制造四级逆向物流网络优化模型的构建;考虑再制造逆向物流的不确定性特征,建立基于不确定环境下汽车再制造逆向物流稳健网络优化模型;通过案例分析,对所建立的再制造逆向物流网络稳健优化模型进行了实际应用研究,并运用混合整数规划模型计算软件Lingo 8.0对所建的再制造逆向物流网络稳健优化模型进行求解与分析,验证模型的有效性。
④分析了政府、企业在废旧汽车资源化逆向物流活动过程中的作用和相互关系,运用进化博弈理论建立废旧汽车回收监督进化博弈模型,得出不同情况下的政府与汽车回收责任体的进化稳定策略。研究结论表明:汽车回收责任体是否按照国家的要求负责回收处理其生产、销售的汽车,与回收的成本、收益、奖惩力度等有着密切关系;运用信息经济学的委托—代理理论,研究在信息对称和不对称情况下政府如何从经济学角度设计激励机制,以促进废旧汽车得到更有效的回收处理;同时,讨论了以经济效益和生态效益为多目标的激励机制设计,通过计算结果分析了企业的努力程度和激励目标之间的关联性对激励机制设计的影响。
⑤运用产品绿色度评价理论和方法并对其评价准则进行扩展,对废旧汽车资源化逆向物流绩效水平进行了综合评价,构建了以环境、资源、经济、技术和社会属性等为准则层,包含25个三级指标的废旧汽车资源化逆向物流绩效评价指标体系;根据不同综合评价方法的实用范围和所选绩效评价指标的精确性和模糊性特征,应用以模糊综合评判、数据包络分析和层次分析法相结合的Fuzzy/DEA/AHP集成评价方法,通过算例分析说明该指标体系具有较好的科学性和可操作性。
本论文以可持续发展理论为指导,以经济、自然、社会协调发展为目标,运用系统科学的思想方法,从政府、企业、消费者等多视角全面分析了废旧汽车资源化逆向物流活动过程,通过对逆向物流的运作模式、网络模型、激励机制和系统评价的研究,旨在建立一个废旧汽车资源化逆向物流管理体系,以促使我国废旧汽车得到有效的回收和再利用,从而进一步推进循环经济的发展。
The rapid development of today's global economy and science and technology pushes the human’s material civilization directly towards a higher level, at the same time, the negative effect that human’s economical activities imposed on the environment is also increasing such as the shortage of natural resources as well as the deterioration of the ecological environment. Faced with the grim reality, many countries has developed environmental laws and regulations representative of extending producer responsibility system in order to make up for the defects brought by the traditional economic development model characteristive of "high input, high consumption, high emission" and further enhance the divertion to the pattern of recycling economic characteristive of "minimization, re-use and resources". Based on the statue, this paper viewed the desposited cars as the main subject and to some extent studied the theories and methods to improve resource utilization and reduce environmental pollution. Mainly the paper included:
①Through the Comparision and analysis of the difference of recycling and reusing of waste and scrap automobile between home and abroad, the paper showed that the system of recycling and reusing of waste and scrap automobile in our country is unperfect and there exsit problems such as lack of effective inspiring mechanism, lag of techonology level of resource and small scaleof recycling rompanies and so on. Based on this, the paper made clear the reverse logistics of automobile resources by finding out the links betwwen reverse logistics and resources. What’s more, the paper presented a comprehensive analysis of the process of the reverse logistics resours of waste and scrap automobile from the view of its recovery goals, recycling targets, function elements and main operation, etc.Guided by the recycling economic theory, the paper established the structure and system of reverse logistics system based on the life cycle of automobile.
②According to the different distribution of tasks between participants in reverse logistics activities of resourses of waste and scrap automobile, the paper divided the operation pattern of reverse logistics into the automobile manufacturers directly recovery mode, Vendors referred to the recovery of manufacturers recovery mode, the combo of automobile Manufacturers recovery mode and third-party recovery mode. Through the analysis of different modes, the paper identified their advantages and disadvantages and scope of application; the paper characterized the amount of automobiles recovered as a linear function of two elements influenced by the recovery price togetherwith the recovery effort, established the optimization model of decision-making which regards the main participants as the objective function, quantitatively analized their recovery price, the extent of recovery efforts, the maximun profits and the best condition assumpting that the diffirent operation modes had the the same parameters in other cases. what’s more, the paper used the game theory to discuss the design of cooperation mechanism under the promise to share interests, which provided a theoretical basis for automobile manufacturers to choose their own appropriate recycling mode.
③According to the methods of the resources of waste and scrap products, the paper divided reverse logistics network into reuse reverse logistics network, recycling reverse logistics network and remanufacturing reverse logistics network, and analized the different structure and characteristics of these reverse logistics networks. Combining the features of remanufacturing and reuse waste and scrap automobile used as the main mode, the paper used mixed-integer linear programming methods to focus on the establishment of four stage reverse logistics network optimization model of automobile remanufacturing which consisted of logistics facilities such as recycling center, dismantling center, re-manufacturing center and distribution center and so on; considering the uncertainty of re-manufacturing reverse Logistics, the paper built the optimization model to keep the car re-manufacturers network steady based on the uncertain environment; through case annalysis, the paper studied the practical application of the model and used the hybrid integer programming model software of Lingo 8.0 to solve and analyze the model established previously, and verified its the validity.
④By the analysis of the role of government and enterprises in the process of waste and scrap automobiles’resource of reverse logistics resource and the use of evolutionary game theory to establish the evolutionary game model of the monitoring of recycling waste and scrap automobiles, the paper drawed the evolutionary stable strategy for the government and others responsible for car recycling under different circumstances. Research showed that whether the auto-recovery responsibilities compled with the requirements of the State to recycle the pruducts they produced and sold closely related to the recovery cost, revenue and the corresponding rewards and penalties; the paper used the principal-agent theory of information economics and studied how to design the incentive mechanism for government from economics in the situation of symmetry and asymmetry information to make the recycling of the waste and scrap automobile more effective; At the same time, the paper discussed the incentive mechanism design which targeted both the economic and ecological benefits, with the results the paper analyzed the influence the relevance betwwen the efforts of enterprises and incentive goals imposed on the the design of incentives mechanism.
⑤Adopting the evaluation theory and methods for green products and expanding the evaluation criteria, the paper came up with a comprehensive evaluation for performance of the waste and scrap automobile resources of reverse logistics, built the performance evaluation index system which contained the base layer such as environment, resources, economic, technological and social attributes and 25 third stage indexes, according to the practical scope of different evaluation methods and the accuracy and ambiguity of the selected performance indicators, the paper adopted the comprehensive evaluation method combining Fuzzy/DEA/AHP. Through an example analysis, the paper showed that the index system is scientific and operational.
Guided by the theory of sustainable development, aiming to the coordinated development between economy, nature and society, the paper applied the scientific thinking of systems to comprehensively analyze the process of waste products’resources of reverse logistics from the multi-standpoints of government, businesses, consumers, and so on. Through the study of the operation mode, the network model, the incentive mechanism and system evaluation of reverse logistics, the paper also tried to establish a management system of waste and scrap automobiles’resources of reverse logistics to promote the effective recycling and reuse of waste and scrap automobile in our country, thus further push the development of recycling economy.
引文
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