摘要
随着我国越来越多大型地下工程的建设,地下洞室围岩稳定成为岩土工程领域的一大热点问题。由于岩体介质的复杂性和不确定性,工程施工前难以获得十分准确的地质条件和赋存环境信息,因此利用工程类比和数值分析等传统的围岩稳定分析方法难以完全解决工程实际问题,基于现场监控量测的监测反馈分析就显得很有必要,也更能客观反映工程实际。通过施工开挖期现场量测信息和地质揭示获取更为可靠的工程基础资料,实时反馈围岩稳定状态,反演现场岩体参数并对后续过程进行预测预报,实现动态反馈、信息化施工。
本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,主要围绕地下工程监测反馈分析、层状岩体介质迭代计算方法及参数反演、基于围岩松动圈的参数场反演、渗流排水孔数值模拟、渗流场反演、反演的并行优化算法等几个关键问题开展了研究工作,并成功应用于实际工程中。本文研究主要包括如下几个方面的内容：
(1)综述地下工程的工程特性和围岩稳定反分析方法,提出目前地下工程中反分析及动态优化设计中存在的一些实际问题。
(2)将粒子群优化算法运用于地下工程参数优化反演中,并对优化反演算法的收敛性和并行性进行了改进,运用改进的并行粒子群优化算法进行反演,极大地提高了优化性能和计算速度,通过算例验证了算法的可行性、可靠性及优越性。
(3)提出采用隐式复合单元法对渗流排水孔进行数值模拟,很大程度上减少了计算工作量,经济可行,通过数值算例和工程实例得到了验证。针对渗透参数难以准确确定的问题,通过水位和流量等观测信息对渗透参数及渗流场进行反演分析。
(4)运用信息实时反馈和动态优化技术对大型地下洞室群施工开挖、支护进行快速监测反馈分析。通过现场实测数据预处理和跟踪分析,对施工开挖量测信息进行深度挖掘；基于机群并行计算依据实测数据信息进行参数反演和围岩稳定评价；并采用反演正算预测和灰色理论预测方法对后续施工开挖进行预测预报分析。通过集监测、反馈和预测于一体的快速监测反馈分析技术指导后续施工开挖过程,制定及时有效的变更方案和防范措施,以保证地下洞室群施工期和运行期的安全稳定运行。
(5)对层状各向异性岩体介质的破坏特性和迭代计算方法进行了研究。采用改进的三维非线性层状各向异性弹塑性损伤有限元法,通过数值分析方法对层状岩体的特殊破坏模式进行了模拟。分析了岩层倾角和岩层走向对围岩稳定的影响,提出层状岩体中地下洞室的合理布置方式。并针对层状岩体的各向异性特性,采用基于MPI的并行粒子群优化算法进行参数反演。
(6)地下洞室开挖后形成围岩松动圈,其力学特性与开挖前未扰动岩体相比有很大差异。研究了松动圈的形成机制和测试分析方法并通过实例进行分析。在松动圈双重介质或多重介质反演模型的基础上,提出了基于松动圈的围岩“参数场”位移反分析方法。充分考虑受施工开挖爆破影响后围岩的松动“劣化”效应,模拟施工开挖过程中地下洞室群的动态响应特性,更接近工程实际,为地下工程参数反演提供一种新思路。
最后,总结本文研究成果,并对今后尚待深入研究解决的问题进行了展望。
本文研究工作从工程实际出发,对地下工程反分析做了比较系统地研究,并对优化算法、主从式并行反演、排水孔数值模拟、层状各向异性岩体介质迭代计算及围岩松动圈数值模拟等诸多方面进行了改进,以解决实际工程问题,为地下洞室的设计和施工提供一定参考。
With the building of more and more large-scale underground engineering, stability assessment of surrounding rock becomes a hot topic in geotecnical engineering. As the complexity and uncertainty of rock mass media, it's very difficult to obtain accurate information such as geological conditions and occurrence of rock mass before constructing of underground engineering. So there are some problems to analyze stability of surrounding rock utilizing empirical analogue methods, numerical analysis mehod or other traditional analysis methods. As a result, feedback analysis of insitu measured information becomes necessary and has been broadly applied in underground engineering. More reliable engineering information can be obtained by insitu monitoring and geological data in excavation, by which we can analyze stability of surrounding rock with real-time feedback. Rock mass parameters are back-analyzed to predict the following excavation, so as to achieve goals of dynamic feedback and information-based construction.
In this thesis, several back analysis methods are studied based on summarizing the results of previous studies. The contents spread out around issues of feedback analysis of insitu measured information, failure characteristics and computational method of layered rock, displacement back analysis of parameters field in underground engineering based on excavation damaged zone (EDZ) of surrounding rock, numerical simulation of drainage hole, back analysis of seepage field, parallel optimization algorithm and so on. The proposed methods are further illustrated with their application to some underground chambers. The thesis mainly contains following contributions:
(1) The features and back analysis methods on the stability of surrounding rock in underground engineering are reviewed in detail. Several key practical problems are presented in back analysis and dynamic optimization design.
(2) Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used in parameter optimization and back analysis and its convergence is modified to obtain good global search capability. As back analysis of geotechnical engineering involves enormous amounts of computation, the back analysis process is improved by introducing message passing interface (MPI)-based master-slave parallel framework. The parallel computation can be conducted using computer cluster networks, thus considerably reducing the cost and enhancing the efficiency of computation. The modified parallel PSO is used to back-analyze parameters in several projects. The results are favorable and prove that the proposed method is effective and applicable. And the parallel computation has considerably reduced the cost and enhancing the efficiency of computation.
(3) The implicit composite element method of drainage hole in 3D seepage field in underground engineering is presented. Drainage holes are implicit in model and their data are gained according to pre-process. This method can largely reduce the computational workload and cost. Its feasibility and reliability have been verified through a numerical example and some practical projects. The calculation result shows that the proposed method is feasible to simulate drainage holes. To determine accurate permeability parameters, back analysis of seepage field is conducted by observing water level and flow.
(4) The real-time feedback analysis and dynamic optimization design are used to back-analyze the process of excavation and support in large underground caverns. The insitu monitoring data is deeply analyzed according to its pre-processing and tracking analysis. Cluster Computing is adopted to back-analyze parameters and evaluate stability of surrounding rock. Synthetical prediction methods with back-analysis and normal computation and grey system theory are used to forecast the following excavation. According to the results of feedback analysis of insitu measured information, back analysis and synthetical prediction, timely and effective change programs and preventive measures are worked out to ensure that underground caverns construction and operation of safe and stable operation.
(5) The failure characteristics and the calculation method of layered rock are expounded according to its physical and mechanical characteristics. Using 3D nonlinear anisotropic elastic-plastic finite element method, the influence of rock angle on stability of underground houses is analyzed in a hydroelectric power station. After comparison with engineering experiences, the reasonable layout of underground houses in layered rock is proposed. As the anisotropy of layered rock, MPI-based parallel Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is adopted to back analyze parameters of layered rock.
(6) Due to excavation blasting, the surrounding rock of underground caverns is loosened and its strength lowers. A continuous three-dimensional data field of surrounding rock parameters is employed to describe the different damage degrees of surrounding rock. According to the formation mechanism of excavation damaged zone (EDZ) of surrounding rock, the method to calculate the EDZ induced by excavation blasting in underground caverns is analyzed. By taking the range of EDZ into consideration, a back analysis method based on incremental displacements is put forward. By employing this method, the fields of surrounding rock parameters can be back analyzed. The back analysis results are favorable and prove the reliability and rationality of the proposed method. Based on the surrounding rock parameters field obtained by back analysis, the current anchor support scheme and the stability of the underground cavern are assessed. Also, the stability condition in subsequent excavation is predicted, and the rational recommendations are made for the engineering design and construction, providing the parameters back analysis of underground engineering with a new method.
Finally, some researches to be explored in future are put forward after summarizing research achievements of this thesis.
The research achievements in this thesis work from practical engineering problems. Some back analysis methods are systematically studied in undergrounding engineering. In order to solve practical engineering problems, several simulation methods has been improved in many aspects, such as optimization algorithm, master-slave parallel back analysis method, numerical simulation of drainage hole, failure characteristics and computational method of layered rock, displacement back analysis of parameters field in underground engineering based on excavation damaged zone of surrounding rock and so on. These research achievements provide some technical references for design and construction of underground engineering.
引文
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