摘要
稠密气固两相流动是流态化工程设备中的常见流动形式。伴随着气固流态化技术日益广泛的应用,其反应器内部的稠密气固两相流动早已成为学界和工程界所共同关注的热点问题,由于其内在机理的复杂性和多变性,人们还远未真正了解和认知其神秘的本质。随着计算机技术和理论的日渐发展,数值模拟技术已经成为科学研究和工程应用的重要手段。鉴于直接数值模拟(DNS)技术还未能用于实际工程尺度问题的模拟和研究,欧拉-欧拉方法又需要太多的模型假设,因此,介于两者之间的CFD-DEM方法成为备受研究者青睐的方法。
本文运用发展的CFD-DEM程序,借助于大型的计算机硬件平台,进行了鼓泡流化床和喷动床内稠密气固两相流动的一系列模拟研究。主要内容可分四部分
第一部分是采用CFD-DEM方法和双流体模型方法对一个薄的三维鼓泡流化床进行研究,首先研究了基于两种方法的二维模型所得计算结果的异同,进而采用三维的CFD-DEM模型方法研究了两种不同的湍流模型以及曳力模型对模拟结果的影响。该部分最后模拟分析了固相颗粒在此床体中的混合和扩散特性。
第二部分是运用CFD-DEM方法研究了一个圆柱-锥底形喷动床内的稠密气固两相流动特性,在与相关实验参数取得较好的对比之后,系统分析了床内的气固流动形态、气固速度分布、气固流率分布、空隙率分布以及进气速度对相关参数的影响；此后,进一步系统地研究和对比了不同入口高度和长度的圆柱形导流管对床内气固流动特性的影响。该部分最后模拟分析了导流管所受的磨损,以及系统内的颗粒扩散特性。
第三部分是运用CFD-DEM方法研究了一个内含上百万颗粒的狭缝式矩形截面-锥底喷动床内的气固流动特性,并对比了不同床层高度下的最小喷动速度和压降特性,进而又分析了床内的特征流态、气固速度分布、固相流率分布、时均空隙率分布以及空截面气速对床内流动的影响。此后,该部分对比研究了三维喷动床和厚度收缩的薄三维喷动床内气固流动形态的差别,证明了该种床型所具有的强烈三维效应。
本文第四部分是用CFD-DEM方法研究床体几何尺度放大的问题,研究了双体的狭缝式矩形截面-锥底喷动床内的气固流动特性,得到床内流态信息、气固速度和流率信息,空隙率分布信息以及双体间相互作用的信息,为喷动床反应器的放大设计提供理论和技术支持。
The dense gas-solid two-phase flows are frequently encountered in the apparatus of fluidization engineering. With the increasingly widely utilization of the gas-solid fluidization technology, the dense gas-solid two-phase flows have been hot spots issues focused by both the academic researchers and the engineering workers, for which the fully understanding on the mysterious essence has been obtained only in some aspects due to the complexity and the multivariate lying in its latent mechanism. As a result of the development of the computational technology, numerical simulation has become a powerful tool in the scientific research and the application of engineering. Since the direct numerical simulation (DNS) has not been applied in the simulation research on the practical issue encountered in the industry and many assumptions have to be made to close the governing equations in the Euler-Euler approach, a mediate approach called CFD-DEM (Computational fluid dynamics-Discrete element method) has been increasingly favored by numerical researchers.
The current work conducted a series of numerical study on the gas-solid two phase flow in the bubbling fluidized bed and spouted bed based on the coupling of CFD-DEM approach under the platform of a large scale computational hardware. The main content of the current work can be divided into the following four parts:
The first part of this research is carried out in a pseudo3D bubbling fluidized bed with the methods of CFD-DEM and Two fluid model method (TFM), respectively. Firstly, the investigation concentrates on the comparison between the simulation results obtained with these two methods in the2D computational model, followed with the researches on the effects of two turbulence models and several drag force models on the simulation results with the3D coupling framework of CFD-DEM. Moreover, the mixing and dispersion properties of the solid phase in the bubbling fluidized bed have been analyzed based on the post-processing of the simulation results.
The second part of the research is focused on the investigation of the gas-solid flow property in a conical-based cylindrical spouted bed in the framework of CFD-DEM coupling method. First of all, the simulation has been compared with the experimental results, followed with the discussion on the gas-solid behavior, the distribution properties of the velocity and the flux both for the gas and solid phases, the voidage distribution property of fluid phase, and the the influence of the superficial gas velocity on the related parameters of the system. Then, the systematic research and comparison have been conducted on the effect of the entrainment distance and the length of the draft tube in the3D spouted bed on the gas-solid behaviors. At last, the erosion property of the draft tube and the systematic dispersion characteristic of the solid phase were studied.
The third part of the work lies in the3D slot rectangular spouted bed to capture the gas solid flow properties. And the flow property, the velocity distribution behavior of both the fluid and solid phases, the distribution property of solid flux, the voidage and the influence of the superficial gas velocity on the gas-solid flow behaviors in the system were systematically investigated. Moreover, the difference on the gas solid flow behavior were observed based on the comparison of the simulation results carried out in the3D and the2D spouted bed, respectively. The results show that the3D computation method is required in the numerical study of the gas solid flow in the spouted bed.
The final part of the current work is concentrated on the discussion of the scale-up of the geometry parameters of the spouted bed using the CFD-DEM method, for which the numerical simulation is carried out in a3D rectangular spouted bed with two diverging bases and two slots. The gas solid flow behaviors, the information of the velocity, the flux and the voidage both of the fluid and solid phases were investigated. Then, the mutual effect between the two spouted beds in the system is discussed, which is useful for the mechanism understanding and the scale-up designing of the spouted bed.
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