摘要
国际合资企业(IJV)一直是跨国公司进行跨国经营的重要手段和获取知识的重要方式。在过去几十年中,国际合资企业总量不断增加,已经成为跨国公司进入全球市场、实现国际化的重要途径,成为许多企业进行全球竞争的重要战略选择。国际合资企业为参与合资的企业双方不仅提供了一个实现组织学习的平台,使双方企业有机会从合作伙伴那里获得知识、提高能力；同时,也为国际合资企业自身进行跨组织学习,实现知识管理,提高自身的竞争优势提供了良好的条件。一方面,外方母公司通过国际合资企业学习管理国际联盟的知识,熟悉东道国的市场环境,了解当地的政策法规,利用当地的销售渠道等；另一方面,国际合资企业则通过学习外方母公司的先进技术、管理经验和治理模式,促进企业自身发展,推动东道国技术升级和产业结构调整。
改革开放30多年来,我国在吸收外商直接投资(FDI)方面取得巨大成绩,外商投资企业成为我国经济发展的重要力量。其中,中外合资企业在推动我国“市场换技术”,促进企业自主创新,服务产业升级,实现利用外资的战略目标等方面功不可没。随着改革开放的不断深入,中外合资企业在实践经营中面临着一系列问题,主要包括如何加强与外方母公司之间的关系管理、如何开展跨组织学习和知识管理(消化、吸收再创新)以及如何提高企业的组织绩效等,这些已成为理论学者和实践经营者必须面对的挑战。同时,中外合资企业与外方母公司之间的关系嵌入、中外合资企业的知识管理与组织绩效这三者之间又紧密相联、相互影响。本文以新兴市场中的国际合资企业为研究对象,以中外合资企业为实证样本,基于知识管理的视角对“国际合资企业与外方母公司的关系嵌入对组织绩效的影响”进行了研究,以期对当前中外合资企业经营面临的问题进行分析和解答。
首先,本文在理论梳理和文献综述的基础上,对国际合资企业的关系嵌入、知识管理和组织绩效分别进行了界定,对三者之间关系进行了分析,进而建立了理论模型,提出了研究假设。本研究以社会嵌入理论为基础,深入分析了国际合资企业和外方母公司间社会关系的含义、维度和作用；以基于知识的理论为基础,对于国际合资企业从外方母公司获取知识和进行知识整合的含义、过程、机制和影响因素进行了研究；基于组织绩效理论和国际合资企业多方出资、共同管理的组织特征,分析了国际合资企业组织绩效评价的复杂性,提出了评价的方法和指标。在此基础上,本文形成了国际合资企业的“关系嵌入——知识管理——组织绩效”的理论模型,提出了一系列的理论假设,重点研究了国际合资企业的知识管理在关系嵌入对组织绩效的影响过程中发挥的中介作用,以便深入了解关系嵌入、知识管理和组织绩效三者之间相互作用的路径和机理,特别是全面揭示了关系嵌入如何影响组织绩效的具体机制。
其次,本文按照实证研究的要求,设计了研究方法,开发了变量测量量表,并进行了问卷调查。根据实证的规范要求,在研究设计中确定了调查对象、调查地区、样本容量以及数据收集途径。在综合利用现有文献和研究中所使用的量表的基础上,形成了研究中自变量、中介变量和因变量的测量量表,并通过探索性因子分析(EFA)和验证性因子分析(CFA),分别检验了关系嵌入、知识管理和组织绩效分量表的效度和信度。最终本研究收集到有效问卷220份,在对数据进行了录入、整理和检视后,对样本和填写人员进行了描述性统计,对变量进行了相关性分析。这些工作为理论模型的进一步分析和假设检验提供了坚实基础。
再次,本文采用结构方程模型(SEM)的方法,对理论模型进行了分析和验证,得出了一系列实证结论。这些结论主要包括：国际合资企业与外方母公司之间的关系嵌入对于国际合资企业的组织绩效具有显著影响,其中关系嵌入的不同维度(包括共同机制、相互信任和关系强度)对于不同的组织绩效(商业绩效和创新绩效)具有不同的影响；国际合资企业的知识管理(从外方母公司获取知识并进行知识整合)对于国际合资企业的组织绩效具有显著影响；国际合资企业与外方母公司之间的关系嵌入对国际合资企业的知识管理具有显著影响；特别是国际合资企业的知识管理(知识获取和知识整合)在关系嵌入对于组织绩效的影响过程中具有中介作用。这些结论比较深入和清晰的分析了三者之间相互影响的具体路径、实现机制和作用大小。
最后,本文的研究结论对于中外合资企业的微观管理实践、我国企业的国际化进程以及我国利用外资的宏观政策,都具有重要启示意义。对于中外合资企业自身的经营管理来说,要进一步加强与外方母公司的关系管理,积极培育和谐的组织间关系；在此基础上,推动国际合资企业开展跨组织学习,从外方母公司不断转移知识,而且要特别注重知识的整合,通过学习管理经验和提高技术创新,为中外合资企业的持续发展获取关系租金。对于我国企业的国际化进程来说,要注重与东道国政府、企业和各类社会组织进行联系、沟通和互动,建立良好的社会关系,加强跨文化背景下的知识转移,才能成功实现跨国经营。对于政府制定政策来说,今后在利用外资过程中,要积极鼓励企业与跨国公司建立战略联盟,加强关系管理,注重通过消化吸收再创新,推动我国的产业升级和经济结构调整,提高利用外资质量,增强国家自主创新能力。
International Joint Ventures (IJVs) have been the major channel for the multinational corporations (MNCs) to do multinational management and gain knowledge. In the past few decades, the increasing total number of IJVs shows that IJVs have become the chief way for the MNCs to enter the global market, to achieve internationalization, and even to stand out in the global competition. IJVs also provide a bilateral platform for the organization learning-learning from each other, getting more knowledge, and improving performance. Meanwhile, it is beneficial to promote company's own organization learning, to practise knowledge management, and to enhance competitive advantage. On one hand, foreign parent corporation can learn how to manage its multinational alliance, to get familiar with the local market, to gain acquaintance to local laws and policies, and to make use of the local logistics through IJVs. On the other hand, depending on its overseas partner, the local corporation can learn the partner's advanced technologies, management and operation patterns to accelerate its own development, and to push forward the technological upgrading and the industrial configuration adjustment in the country.
With the reform and opening-up for more than 30 years, China has attracted substantial Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which has stimulated our economic development. Among them Sino-Foreign joint ventures have made great contribution to give impetus to the "Market for Technology" policy, corporation independent innovation, industrial upgrading, and strategy-making of using foreign investment. As the reform and opening-up deepen, they are confronted with many problems, mainly including how to strengthen the relationship management between the local company and the foreign parent company, how to implement organizational learning and knowledge management (digest, absorb and recreate), and how to raise corporations' organizational performance. Those issues have been put in front of both the theoretical analysts and pragmatic managers. Moreover, the three problems mentioned above, namely, the relationship between the local company and the foreign parent company, the knowledge acquisition of Sino-foreign joint venture enterprises, and organizational performance, are inter-related and twisted together. This paper, using IJVs as subjects and sino-joint ventures as samples, explores IJV relational embeddedness, knowledge acquisition, and organizational performance. It is intended to analyzing and answering the current questions about sino-foreign joint ventures.
Firstly, based on literature review, this paper defines IJV relational embeddedness, knowledge management (knowledge acquisition and knowledge integration) and organizational performance, analyzing their relationship, establishing theoretical models, and raising research hypotheses. This research was based on embeddedness theory. Profound analyses were given to the definition, dimension and function of IJVs and foreign parent companies. Based on the theories of knowledge, research was carried out to explore the definition, process, mechanism, and influential elements of IJVs who acquire and integrate the knowledge learnt from the foreign parent company. Based on organizational performance theory and the features of IJVs-multi-investors and co-administration, analyses were made about the complexity of evaluating IJV performance. The author gave the method and standards of evaluation. On this basis, a theoretical model of "relational embeddedness-knowledge management-organizational performance" has been formed. A series of hypotheses have been discussed, focusing on the mediating function of knowledge acquisition in the sino-foreign joint venture enterprises' relational embeddedness in the influential process of organizational performance, which helped further understand the way of how relational embeddedness, knowledge management, and organizational performance interact with each other.
Secondly, following the requirement of empirical studies, this paper designed research methodology, developed a variable measurement table, and made questionnaires. According to the rubrics of empirical studies, the research layout decided the subject, place, sample volume, and data-collection methods. A measurement table consisted of independent variable, media variable, and dependent variable, was generated through the integration of current tables used in archives and research. Through EFA and CFA analyses, the reliability and validity of the sub-tests for relational embeddedness, knowledge management, and organizational performance were approved. In the end, this research collected 220 valid questionnaires in the area of Yangtze Delta, recorded and examined the data, used descriptive statistical analyses on the samples and participants, and analyzed the relativity of variable. This provides a solid foundation for the further analyses and hypotheses verification in the theoretical model.
Thirdly, through SEM, this paper analyzed and tested the theoretical model and got a series of empirical findings. Those findings showed that the relational embeddedness between IJVs and foreign parent companies plays a significant role in organizational performance, in which different dimensions (shared system, degree of trust, and strength of relationship) of the relational embeddedness have different effect on the organizational performance (commerce performance and creation performance). They also showed that IJVs'knowledge management (knowledge acquisition and knowledge integration) plays an important part in the their organizational performance. In particular, in the process of influencing organizational performance, IJVs'knowledge acquisition and integration works as a vehicle in relational embeddedness. Those results displayed the profound and clear points on a concrete way, implementing the mechanism and functioning of the interaction among the three entities.
In the end, the results of this research will be thought-provoking in the micro-management practice of sino-foreign joint ventures, our corporations' internationalization, and the macro-policy making on how to use the foreign investment. As for the management and organization of sino-foreign joint ventures, they need to strengthen the relationship management, actively to nurture harmonious intra-organization relations, to promote organization learning in IJVs, to achieve knowledge transfer, enhance knowledge integration, and to gain relationship rental for sino-foreign joint ventures through the refinement of management and technological innovation. As for our corporations'internationalization, we need to appreciate the contact, communication and interaction among the local government, local companies, and various social associations, to build fine social relations, and to boost intercultural transfer to succeed in multinational operation. As for the policy-making in a governmental level, we need to positively encourage our corporation to participate in the strategic alliance of MNCs, to improve relationship management, emphasize digestion, absorption, and recreation, to accelerate industrial upgrading and economic structure adjustment, to enhance the quality of using foreign investment, and to consolidate our competence of independent innovation in the future.
引文
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