摘要
生物有机肥是一类通过特定功能微生物酵解有机废弃物制作而成的兼具微生物肥料和有机肥效应的肥料,在实践应用中有一定的改土促产提升品质的作用。啤酒糟是酿酒的副产物,量大且易造成环境污染。本文以啤酒糟为酵解主料,系统地研究啤酒糟型生物有机肥酵解过程中理化性状的变化,碳、氮降解规律,初始酵解条件对碳、氮降解的影响以及该肥料对豇豆产量和品质的影响,为啤酒糟型生物有机肥研制与应用提供科学依据。试验结果如下：
1)添加外源微生物菌剂能加快堆体腐熟,显著降低堆体重量,加大堆体的水分损失,降低堆体对种子的毒害作用,加快碳氮比的下降,促进纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解,降低堆体的WSC(水溶性碳)、WSN(水溶性氮)、NH4+-N的含量,促使NO3--N的转化。5种外源微生物菌剂中以D3处理(亿安奇乐)的堆腐效果最好。
2)利用二次通用旋转设计建立的数学模型表明,四个因子作用效果的大小为：pH值对氮素损失影响最大,对纤维素、半纤维素降解的影响最小,对全碳、木质素降解的影响作用居最2位；接种量对全碳、半纤维素降解的影响最大,对纤维素、木质素影响作用居第3位,对氮素损失的影响居第2位；秸糟比对纤维素、木质素的降解影响最大,对氮素损失、半纤维素降解的影响居第3位,对全碳降解的影响最小；含水量对纤维素、半纤维素降解的影响居第2位,对全碳降解影响居中第3位,对氮素损失、木质素降解的影响最小。要实现氮素损失率最低、碳素、木质纤维降解最高的因子配比方案为：pH值6.40～7.02、含水量64.70～66.68%、接种量0.40～0.55%、秸糟比40.93～43.30%。
3)生物有机肥特别是啤酒糟型生物有机肥能明显促进豇豆中后期功能叶的净光合速率,提高叶绿素含量,但对功能叶气孔导度影响不大。啤酒糟型生物有机肥明显降低了豇豆功能叶的蒸腾速率,对豇豆产量有一定的增产作用的。啤酒糟型生物有机肥能显著提高豇豆可食部分的维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量,降解硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量,对可食部分的粗纤维、蛋白氮和非蛋白氮含量的影响不大。
Bio-organic fertilizer is a kind of fertilizer made by organic residue which is fermented by microorganism with specific function, it has the same function of microbial fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Bio-organic fertilizer produces good effects to improving quality of soil and crop and increasing yield. brewer's spent grains, by-product of wine-brewing, can easily pollute environment. In this paper, brewer's spent grains were researched as zymolytic resource. Physical and chemical properties, degradation rate of carbon and nitrogen, effect of original zymolytic condition and effect of yield and quality of cowpea by using this fertilizer were systematically researched. It will provide a scientific basis for manufacture and application of brewer's spent grains-typed bio-organic fertilizer.
The result shows that:
1) Adding microbial inoculants can expedite decomposition, reduce weight of heap, enlarge water loss, lighten toxicity to seed, increase rate of carbon and nitrogen degradation rate, accelerate degradation rate of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, reduce content of water-soluble carbon, water-soluble nitrogen, NH4+-N, accelerate Transfor-mation of NO3--N. The best inoculants was D3.
2) Model was built by using the quadratic uniform-precision rotatable central composite design including four factors and five levels. Model showed that:The influence of pH value to loss of nitrogen was listed first, to degradation rate of cellulose and hemicellulose was listed forth, to degradation rate of total carbon and lignin was listed second. The influence of Inoculation fungal biomass degradation rate of total carbon and hemicelluloses was listed first, to loss of nitrogen was listed second, to degradation rate of cellulose and lignin was listed third. The influence of Ratios of straw to lee to degradation rate of cellulose and lignin was listed first, to loss of nitrogen and degradation rate of hemicelluloses was listed third, to degradation rate of total carbon was listed forth. The influence of water content to degradation rate of cellulose and hemicelluloses was listed second, to degradation rate of total carbon was listed third, to loss of nitrogen and degradation rate of lignin was listed forth. In this experiment, the suitable ranges of pH value, inoculation fungal biomass, water content and ratio of straw to lee are:6.40～7.02, 0.40～0.55%,64.7014～66.68% and 40.93～43.30%, respectively.
3) Bio-organic fertilizer especially brewer's spent grains-typed bio-organic fertilizer can increase net photosynthetic rate in later stage of cowpea growth, improve the content of chlorophyll of function leaves, decrease transpiration rate, had little effect on stomatal conductance of function leaves. The contents of vitamin C and soluble sugar obviously increased, the contents of nitrate and nitrite decreased and the contents of crude fiber, protein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen didn't have big effluence in edible parts of cowpea by Application of brewer's spent grains-typed bio-organic fertilizer.
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