摘要
面对全球气候变化,人类可以从应对和减缓两个方面来尽量降低其对人类生存所造成的影响,而通过森林树木的固碳功能开展间接减排来减缓和应对全球气候变化是一条行之有效的途径,并具有高效、环保、低成本、可行性高的特点。
森林作为陆地生态系统的主要部分,起着维持陆地生态平衡的重要的作用。而森林的主要生物质是树木,树木可以通过光合作用吸收大气中的二氧化碳,释放出氧气。木材来源于树干,是树木的主体,通过对木材含碳率的准确测定进而估算木材的碳储量对于森林生态效益的取得与生态环境的可持续发展具有重要价值,通过木材碳储量的预测对国家气候谈判的成效也具有指导意义。
本研究以帽儿山林场的8个主要树种木材为研究对象,在进行资料收集整理和实验室测定的基础上研究了各树种含碳率的无损取样方法和含碳率的测定,探讨了木材含碳率与木材碳储量的计量关系,提出可以通过数据库的方式将木材含碳率等数据进行归纳为今后的相关研究工作提供数据基础。本文主要进行了以下的研究：
(1)通过木材的天然属性,进一步分析了木材生物学属性的变化及其与环境的关系,确定了木材对全球气候变化在材料方面的积极意义。通过木材与人类环境的关系的调查显示了木材的使用对自然资源是一种间接的保护。木材与其他材料合理协调利用才能取得预想的节能效果,在研究其固碳作用的同时应结合国际碳排放谈判,结合本国国情制定碳排放清单。
(2)通过直径、坡向和光照方向几个角度,测定了帽儿山林场主要树种的基本含碳率,并分析了帽儿山林场各树种不同直径、坡向和光照方向整体的含碳率,探索了期间的规律,将8个树种木材分为2组,两种针叶材和两种阔叶材为一组,从15cm直径进行取样的其他4种树种木材为另外一组,分析针叶材和阔叶材在不同直径、坡向和光照方向的相关规律。通过各树种样品与其所处条件下的平均值对比分析针阔叶树种木材含碳率随着直径和树龄的增加而存在的变化规律。
(3)通过森林碳储量的基本方法,计算了帽儿山林场主要树种木材的碳储量。根据木材碳储量为该树种的蓄积量与木材密度和含碳率的计算公式可推算出帽儿山林场各树种木材总的碳储量,进一步粗略估算我国2020年和2050年我国木材碳储量,由于条件所限,各树种木材密度和含碳率两个因素没有进行每样实地调查,采用了统计数据平均值的方法进行最终计算,同时将我国森林蓄积量进行了综合计算,没有进行各树种的蓄积量的计算,因此,可能会造成计算结果存在一定的误差,但帽儿山林场的实验思路能够以点带面,在今后的研究中以此思路为基础可以进一步细化各计量因素进而使结果更加精确。
(4)从木材含碳率的层面以帽儿山林场的8个主要树种的数据为基本内容进行数据库的建立,通过数据库的建立将现有的文献和资料中涉及到有关木材碳素储存的基础数据通过合并同类项的方式进行集合的确立,在引用该数据时能够快速、准确的获得,提高了科研工作效率。数据平台的建立更为直观,实现了图文并茂,数据更为明了,分类更为细致,操作感更强：通过对我国木材碳素储存数据库的建立可以确立我国木材与碳素储存有关的涉及到气候谈判的量化指标,从而为我国在气候谈判中获得一定的主动权和利益提供了保障,最后介绍了数据库的基本原理、界面和检索、查询等使用功能。以帽儿山林场主要树种木材含碳率为主要数据的碳素储存数据库的建立,为今后建立动态的、多维度的木材固碳数据库提供了基本思路。
In the face of the global climate change, human beings could reduce its impact to human survival from the two aspects of coping and relief. It is an effective approach to cope and relieve the global climate change from indirect emission reduction with carbon sequestration of forest woods, the features of this method are the efficiency, environmental protection, inexpensiveness and high feasibility.
The forest is the main body of the land ecological system, which plays an important part to the function of land ecological system's balance keeping. The trees are the main biomass of forest system. It could release the oxygen from the photosynthesis to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The wood is coming from the trunk, is the main body of the trees. It has a important value to the forest ecological benefits' acquirement and the sustainable development of ecological environment through the estimation of wood carbon reserves by the accurate measurement of wood carbonic contents rate. It is also has a fundamental significant to the national climate's negotiations'achievements by the predication of wood carbon reserves.
The main study objects are the wood of8main trees species. We have went on the work with the material collection and compiling, outdoor investigation and sample acquirement and laboratory testing, then we studied every kinds of trees of its carbon contents rate with the methods of lossless and carbonic contents rate testing, to discuss the metering relationship between the carbonic contents rate of the wood and wood carbon reserve, put the conclusion that we would sum up the data of wood carbonic contents rate by the method of database, in order to provide the data's base to the future relative studies. In this paper,the following items are studied.
(1) Go further with the analysis of the relationship between the wood biological attribute change and its growth environment, to confirm the active significance of the influence of wood to the global climate change in the aspect of material. The result displayed that it is a kind of indirect protection of the wood usage. This conclusion is summarized by the investigation of the relationship between the wood and human environment. The preconceived energy conservation effect would be achieved only as if the reasonable coordinated use of the wood and other material be realized. The national carbon emission negotiation should be sited in the study of carbon sequestration, and the carbon emission inventory should be established in the light of its own national conditions.
(2) To analyze the basic principle through the way of the basic carbonic contents rate's measurement of Maoershan foresty main trees species from the several aspects of diameters, exposures and lighting direction. To analyze the integral carbonic contents rate of all kinds of trees species'different diameter, sunny slope and illumination direction of Maoershan foresty, and explore the regular laws during the study period. We have divided the8trees species into2group, to take two kinds of softwood and two kinds of broadleaf's forest as a group, and the other4kinds of tree species wood to form the other group from the sample of15cm diameter, then analyzed the relative regular laws of softwood and the broadleaf with different diameter, exposure and lighting direction from the data. Though the average value of all kinds of trees sample and it growth condition to make the contrastive analysis, in order to get the carbonic contents rate's changing laws of softwood and broadleaf wood in the increasing of the diameters and tree-age.
(3) To calculate the wood carbon reserves of main trees species on the Maoershan by the basic method of forest carbon reserves calculation. All kinds of the trees'total wood carbon reserves of Maoershan foresty would be calculated by the computational formula of the stand volume, the wood density and the carbonic contents rate as well as the wood carbon reserves, in order to roughly estimate the national wood carbon reserves of the years of2020and2050. In the sake of limited conditions, the two factors of all kinds of wood density and carbonic contents rate has not been field investigation, but adopted the statistical data's average value method to go with the final calculation, and comprehensive calculated the national forest growing stock without the breakdown calculation of every trees species. Therefore, the calculation results may have the existing of certain deviation. However, the experimental thought would be with an expectation that taking this sample to get a general idea. In this case, based on the though of method, the future study would go further with the accurate results with the detailing every metering factors.
(4) To found the database based on the8main trees species" data of Maoer forest field from the aspect of wood carbon contents rate. Though the database's establishment to establish the numeric set by the method of combining like terms of the basic data of current existing literature and material which is related to the wood carbon reserves, this method would bring convenience to the swift and accurate acquirement in the data site work, thus enhances the working efficiency of scientific research. The data platform's establishment would be better with audio-visual effect that realizes the excellent combination of pictures and the corresponding essays, the data would be with better definition, the classification would be more meticulous, the operable sense would be more available. Our nation's wood and carbon reserve which are related to the quantitative index of climate negotiation through the establishment of national wood carbon reserve database, thus it would provide guarantee to the certain initiative and benefits in the climate negotiation of our country. The database's basic principle, interface and retrieval/inquire function has been introduced at last.
引文
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