摘要
改革开放以后,我国经济发展战略有了重大转变,非均衡发展战略日益成为主流。增长极理论是非均衡发展理论的重要内容。增长极的优先发展,通过其支配效应、乘数效应、极化效应和扩散效应,将促使经济发展水平不断提高并最终实现区域经济协调发展。本文以产业集聚作为切入点,研究增长极的内涵、动力和作用机制,并以增长极理论为基础,分析重庆市的产业集聚现状,探究重庆市非均衡发展战略,寻求重庆市增长极形成和发展的对策。
一、研究的主要内容
1.产业集聚的形成及其评测方法。阐述产业集聚的含义和特点,从不同角度分析产业集聚的形成条件和方式,阐述产业集聚的测度方法,并对产业集聚各种测度方法的优缺点进行评价。
2.增长极形成的动力系统和作用机制。介绍增长极概念的提出和发展,总结增长极理论中蕴含的经济思想。重点探讨增长极形成的创新动力、产业结构转换动力、产业集聚动力、市场动力和制度推动力,并对产业集聚的作用机制进行详尽分析。
3.产业集聚和增长极的关系。解析产业集聚和增长极之间的联系和区别,阐述产业集聚的作用和局限性,研究从产业集聚到经济增长极的转换机制,提出增长极发展战略的重要性。
4.重庆产业集聚的发展状况及存在的问题。通过计算重庆市主要行业的区位熵指数,研究重庆各行业在全国所处的地位,评价其产业集聚的静态状况。通过计算重庆市主要行业的产业集聚指数,分析重庆市各行业产业集聚的发展速度和动态特点。在此基础上,总结重庆市产业集聚存在的问题。
5.重庆市各区县产业集聚现状及评价。通过重庆市40个区县主要行业的区位熵指数的计算,分析重庆市一圈两翼在农业、工业和服务业方面的产业集聚情况,总结重庆市各区县产业集聚的地区分布特征和行业结构特征,指出各区县产业集聚中的问题。
6.重庆市的增长极发展战略。从重庆市的资源差异、区位差异和经济基础差异分析重庆市实施增长极发展战略的原因,阐述重庆市的产业增长极发展战略和空间增长极发展战略。
7.重庆市经济增长极形成和发展的对策。从产业选择、政府角色和制度设计等方面探讨重庆市经济增长极形成和发展的对策措施。
二、研究的基本结论
1.产业集聚是在一定经济社会环境下,在产业的发展过程中,通过企业的利益驱动机制形成的。其宏观条件包括：生产要素、社会资本、全球化的市场和政府产业政策。中观条件包括：较长的价值链、专业化的社会分工、产业竞争与技术创新。微观条件包括：生产成本和区位品牌。
2.增长极的形成是政府机制和市场机制共同作用的结果。增长极的形成过程包含创新动力、市场动力、产业结构转换动力、产业集聚动力以及制度推动力等基本要素。在这个系统中,创新是增长极不断发展的持续动力。创新能够改变一个地区的产业结构,以产业结构的转换和优化为载体,传递创新动力,继续推动增长极的增长。
3.产业集聚是增长极形成的基础和前提条件。产业集聚和增长极具有一些共同要素,他们都是以一定地理空间为载体,都要求存在关联性强的推进型产业,都需要建立良好的配套服务系统,都存在规模经济效益。但是增长极在产业选择、资源优势、创新力度、区位条件、外部联系等方面还提出了更高的要求。
4.重庆产业集聚的行业结构和地区分布都不平衡。重庆在交通运输设备制造业,仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业,金融业,交通运输、仓储和邮政业,批发和零售业,信息传输、计算机服务和软件业等行业产业集聚特征明显,但存在着公共和社会服务发展滞后,技术创新能力弱,产业价值链低端化等问题。在产业集聚的地区分布上,重庆服务业主要集聚于都市发达经济圈,制造业主要集聚于都市发达经济圈和渝西经济走廊,农业主要集聚于都市发达经济圈的外围。
5.培育和发展经济增长极,实施增长极发展战略是重庆市经济发展的战略选择。重庆市各区域在资源、区位、经济基础等方面存在很大的差异,在农业、工业和服务业发面都有各自的产业重点,“一圈两翼”发展也不平衡。其中,都市发达经济圈是重庆经济的制高点,渝东北、渝东南两翼是支撑重庆长远发展的重要经济腹地。实施增长极发展战略,通过重点部门和重点区域带动整个重庆经济的发展,是经济发展的必然选择。
三、论文的主要创新点
1.从产业集聚和增长极形成的角度研究非均衡发展战略,把产业发展和地理空间结合起来,抓住了关键,把握了总体,弥补了单纯从产业或空间方面研究经济发展的缺陷,在研究视角上有一定创新。
2.对重庆市主要行业的区位熵、产业集聚指数和重庆各区县的行业集中度进行了测算,衡量和评价了重庆市主要行业的产业集聚程度和动态变化特征,为重庆经济增长极的形成和发展提供了现实依据。
3.从重点产业选择、政府角色定位和配套制度设计等方面,为重庆实施产业非均衡发展战略和区域非均衡发展战略,提供了较有针对性的政策建议。
Since the reform and opening-up policy, strageties for economic development in china have shifted significantly, as unbalanced development strategy has been gradually becoming the mainstream idea. Growth pole theory is the important content of unbalanced development theory. First develop of the growth pole will promote the continuous up-grading of economic development level and finally achieve coordinated regional economic development, through domination effect, multiplier effect, polarization effect and diffusion effect. This paper analysed the connotation, motive force and mechanism of action from the perspective of industry cluster, started with the perspective of industry cluster,and then studied current situation of industry cluster in Chongqing, probe inth the unbalanced development strategy for Chongqing, and seek for the policy for the formation and development of growth pole in Chongqing.
1. primary coverage of the study
(1) The progress to industry cluster, and the evaluation methods for it. Define conotation and characteristics of industry cluster, analyse the conditions and ways to form industry cluster, expound measurement methods for industry cluster, and then assess merits and drawbacks of the measurement method for industry cluster.
(2) Dynamic system and mechanism of action to form growth pole. Introduce the generation and development of the'growth pole conception, summarize economic thoughts embodied in growth pole theory. Emphatically discuss innovation power, industrial structure shifting power, industry cluster power, market power and institution driving force to form growth pole. And make analysis on the mechanism of action from industry cluster in detail.
(3) The relationship between industry cluster and growth pole. Analyze the connection and difference between industry cluster and growth pole, expound the influence and limitations of industry cluster, study the conversion mechanism from industry cluster to economic growth pole, show the importance on development strategy of growth pole.
(4) The present developing situation and existing problem of growth pole in Chongqing. Study the standing of Chongqing in the entire country for each industry, evaluate static state of industry cluster for Chongqing, by calculating quotient of location for the main industies in Chongqing. Analyze the growth rate and dynamic charateristic for industry cluster of each industry in Chonqing by calculating index of industry cluster for the main industy in Chongqing. Then summarize the existing problems of industry cluster in Chongqing on such basis.
(5) The present status and evaluation of industy cluster for each district of Chongqing. Analyze the industry cluster status of agriculture, manufacturing and services sector by calculating quotient of location for the main industies in40districts of Chongqing, sum up the spatial distribution charateristic and industrial structure charateristic for industry cluster in each district of Chongqing, point out problems in industry cluster for each district.
(6) The unbalanced development strategy of Chongqing. Analyze the grounds for unbalanced development from the perspectives of differences in resources, location and economic foundation, and then narrate the industrial unbalanced development strategy and the regional unbalanced development strategy of Chongqing.
(7) The policy for the formation and development of growth pole in Chongqing. Probe into the policy for the formation and development of growth pole from the perspectives of industrial choice, role of government, and institution design.
2.Basic conlusion from the study
(1)Industy cluster is formed through the interest-driven mechanism on enterprises in the developing progress of industries with a certain economic and social environment. The macro conditions include the production factors, social capital, globalized market and industry policy of the government. Conditions in the middle view include long industrial chain, specialized social division of labor, industrial competitiveness and technological innovation. The micro conditions include production costs and regional brand.
(2) Growth pole comes as the result from the combining force of government mechanism and market mechanism. The forming progress of growth pole involves fundamental factors such as innovation power, market power, industrial structure shifting power, industry cluster power and institution driving force. Innovation is the persistent driving force for constant development of growth pole in such a system, which can change the industrial structure of a region. And the innovation power is passed on by the transforming and optimizing progress of industrial structure as the carrier, through which to continue promoting the growth of the growth pole.
(3) Industry cluster is the basis and precondition for forming growth pole. Industry cluster and growth pole have some common factors, that they both take a certain geographical space as the carrier, both require the existence of strong industrial relevance among push industry, both require the establishment of good supporting service system and economies of scale exists in both. However growth pole asks for higher criterions in such aspects as industrial choice, resources advantage, technological innovation intensity, location condition and external connections.
(4) The industrial structure and spatial distribution of industry cluster in Chongqing are both unbalanced. The charateristic of industry cluster in Chongqing is significant for industries, as transportation equipment manufacturing industry, instrumentsand meters manufacturing industry, cultural and office machinery manufacturing industry, financial sector, communications and transport industry, storage industry and postalservice, wholesale and retail trade, information transmission, computer services and software industry. However, there still exists problems, such as lagged development in public and social services, poor capacity of technological innovation, and lying in the low-end of industrial value chain. In the perspective of spatial distribution, service industry in Chongqing mainly clustered in urban developed economic zone, manufacturing industry mainly clustered in urban developed economic zone and in the Yuxi Economic Corridor, and agriculture mainly clustered in the surrounding of urban developed economic zone.
(5) Fostering and developing the growth pole, and implementing unbalanced development strategy is the stategic choice for economic development of Chongqing. There exist huge differences on resources, location, and economic foundations between each district in Chongqing, which hold their respective industry focus in agriculture, industry and service trade. Development in " One-hour Economic Circle" and "Two Wings" is also unbalanced, among which urban developed economic zone is the commanding height of economy in Chongqing, while the two wings as northeast and southeast of Chongqing is the economic hinterland that supported long term growth for Chongqing. Implementing unbalanced development strategy, pushing forward economic development of Chongqing by priority sectors and key areas is the inevitable choice of economic development.
3.Chief innovation point of this paper
(1) Study unbalanced development strategy from the perspective of industry cluster and growth pole, and integrate industrial development with geographical space,that seizes the key point and grasps the overall, and stops up a gap by just studying economic development purely from the perspective of industry or space. There is some innovation in the research perspective.
(2) Calculate quotient of location, industrial agglomeration index for Chongqing, and also the Gini Quotiety of locating industry for each district in Chongqing. Measure and evaluate the industrial agglomeration extent and the dynamic characteristic for main industries of Chongqing, which provides the practical basis for the formation and development of growth pole in Chongqing.
(3) Provide pertinent policy proposals for implementing industrial unbalanced development strategy and the regional unbalanced development strategy for Chongqing, from the perspectives such as key industry choosing, role of government and supporting institution design.
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