摘要
由于劳动者与用人单位之间实力分布不均衡,常常使他们之间的合作和竞争丧失公平性,因而为了弥补劳动者的弱势地位,劳动者民主参与权制度应运而生。其在保护劳动者的合法权益方面具有十分重要的现实意义。劳动者民主参与权制度是《中华人民共和国劳动法》中的一项重要内容,《中华人民共和国劳动法》中关于劳动者民主参与权制度的立法虽然体现了国际上的先进发展趋势,但也存在着一定缺陷。本文从对劳动者民主参与权的理论研究入手,并通过对其现实性的分析,提出完善我国劳动者民主参与权制度的现实必要性及可行性意见,旨在为进一步完善《中华人民共和国劳动法》中有关劳动者民主参与权制度的某些规定提出理论依据和具体建议。
The democratic participation right of workers can be the law safeguard for the workers of non state-owned enterprises. Along to the economic system reform and the decline of the proportion state-owned enterprises, the social status of enterprise workers is on decline as well. If say in theory that the workers of state-owned enterprises are hosts, then in non state-owned enterprises, there is nearly no workers who think that they are the hosts of the enterprises. We should mention that because this colony can not get enough law protection, they could become powerless colony, because they can not share the right of walkout and the right of found a labor union freely, which both have been stated in International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Right. If we say that in the state-owned enterprises because the workers are hosts of the enterprises, so they do not need these rights, but when comes to non state-owned enterprises, these two rights are very important and very in common. Along to the increase of non state-owned enterprises, the participation right of workers is more important in the enterprises of our country.
In the question of founding the modern enterprise system of Chinese style, the core question is the perfect of enterprise corporate governance structure. There are a lot of discussions between jurists and economics of our country. Within these questions, the most charming question is the enterprises governance participation of workers, which has interested many Chinese scholars. On the basic of the comparable analysis the workers participation of enterprises system of western countries, the author puts forward the workers participation of enterprises system of Chinese characteristics, and hopes to perfect the legislation of our country and guarantee the right of participation of enterprises of workers, and found the modern enterprises system which accords with market economics. This article talks about the democratic participation right of workers by three chapters.
First, this article talks about the concept of the democratic participation right of workers. This article starts by the concept of the democratic participation right of workers, then joins with a idealized and standardization farther mode. The traditional Corporate Governance Structure conform the principle of shareholders, enterprises are just tool for shareholders to profit.“Enterprises’profit”is equal to“shareholders’profit”. The article eight of Republic of China Labor Law says,“according to the law, the workers take part in democratic manage in the way of the employee meet and the employee representative meet or other ways that is consult with the employers about this question”. Then comes out the advanced experience of America, England and Japan and other countries. The workers’participation of enterprises found as a system comes after the 20th century. Because the differences of legislative environment, economics and culture, the choice of enterprises father mode is different. Then this article sets forth he democratic participation right of workers of America, England, Germany and Japan, then sums up that the way of the participation of enterprises of advanced western countries is that the workers of the enterprises participate the enterprises by certain institutions or labor and capital contracts, the participation of workers, the inlet of workers’deputy and the shareholders’deputy. And this can effect the result of enterprises system. Then comes to the theory gist. They are enterprises’social liability, the Staff Stock Holding System, respect for people theory, Marx's Theory of Alienation. The first part analysis the concept of enterprises’social liability, the characteristic of enterprises’social liability, and the development of enterprises’social liability. The second part analysis the concept and the development of the Staff Stock Holding System. The third part analysis the concept, the characteristic and the development of respect for people theory. The third part analysis the concept and the development of Marx's Theory of Alienation.
Second, this article discusses the analysis on practicability. The first part comes to the necessity of the democratic participation right of workers; then through discussing the implement of staff shareholder system and the workers' congress system, this article discusses the possibility of the democratic participation right of workers.
Third, on the basic of the analysis of the democratic participation right of workers of our country, this article puts forward the disadvantages and the defects of the democratic participation right of workers of our country, analysis the flaws of the democratic participation right of workers of our country. The perfection of staff shareholder system can push the workers to participate in the administrate of enterprises. Also can couple workers to enterprises. The workers vote out deputies, they participate in the administrate of enterprises. This can advance the positivistic of workers, and enhance the democratic participation right of workers. This article gives some suggestions. The suggestions are definitude of the contents of the workers' congress system, the status of the workers' congress system, the province of the workers' congress system, the scope of the workers' congress system, the liability of the workers' congress system, and the relation between the workers' congress system, the shareholders’meet, the directorate and the Supervisory Committees. Republic of China Labor Law accord with the tide of the protection of the right of workers of the word. Especially the contents of democratic participation right of workers, they are advanced. Through the study of democratic participation right of workers, this article aims to index the flaws of legislation, and makes out suggestions, hopes to do something for the perfection of the democratic participation right of workers of our country.
引文
[1] 这里所指的公司利益我们一般分为内涵和外延两个方面,从内涵上看,公司利益应当被理解为公司作为法人所享有;从外延上看,公司囊括了包括股东职工、债权人、消费者等利益相关者的利益。
[2] 这里的各国选择公司治理模式的不同主要是从公司治理模式的双层制或者公司治理模式的单层制这个层面上对公司治理模式进行的划分。
[3] 卡罗尔、巴克霍尔茨:《企业与社会伦理与利益相关者管理》,黄煜平等译,机械工业出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 24 页。
[4] 转引自陈宏辉、贾生华:《企业社会责任观的演进与发展:基于综合性社会契约的理解》,《中国工业经济》2003 年第 12 期。
[5] 转引自卡罗尔、巴克霍尔茨:《企业与社会伦理与利益相关者管理》,黄煜平等译,机械工业出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 28 页。
[6] 卢代富:《企业社会责任的经济学与法学分析》,法律出版社 2002 年第 1 版,第 97 页。
[7] 黄寅:《企业伦理:理论与实践》,上海人民出版社 2001 年第 1 版,第57 页。
[8] James J. Bummer, Corporate Responsibility and Legitimacy-An Interdisciplinary Analysis,Greenwood press,1999.pp.25。
[9] 这里所称的 SA8000 标准是 Social Accountability8000 标准,中文全称社会责任管理体系。
[10]参见刘俊海:《公司社会责任》,法律出版社 1999 年第 1 版,第 158页。
[11][美]阿奇?B·卡罗尔:《企业和社会伦理与利益相关者管理》,于明译,机械出版社 2001 年第 1 版,第 316 页。
[12]这里所称的 ESOPS 全称是 Employee stock ownership plans,是职工持股制度的英文缩写。
[13]这里所指的“两要素理论”就是说生产要素只有两种,即资本和劳动。当资本投入生产的时候,资金所有者就有了剩余索取权,也就是资本产权;当劳动力和资金共同运作而产生增量的时候,劳动者不仅应当获得工资收入,而且还应该在一定程度上享有产权权益,参与剩余的分配,就是劳动力产权。
[14]这里所谓的“雇员受益计划”是指动员建立借贷机制,支持雇员从即将退休的雇主手中买下企业资产成为新企业的员工兼股东,促成劳动者的劳动收入和资本收入的结合。
[15]苗明杰:《人本管理》,浙江人民出版社 1997 年第 1 版,第 4-6 页。
[16]《马克思恩格斯全集》(第42 卷),人民出版社1979 年第1 版,弟91 页。
[17]《马克思恩格斯全集》(第42 卷),人民出版社1979 年第1 版,第92 页。
[18]这里所谓的自我异化就是指工人自己的体力和智力,工人个人活动者的生命,都不依赖于工人本人同时也不属于工人自己,而被其他人所要求和约束并且转过来反对工人自身的活动。
[19]《马克思恩格斯全集》(第42 卷),人民出版社1979 年第1 版,第95 页。
[20]《马克思恩格斯全集》(第42 卷),人民出版社1979 年第1 版,第96 页。
[21]俞吾金:《从“道德评价优先”到“历史评价优先”— 马克思异化理论发展中的视角转换》,《中国社会科学》2003 年第 2 期,第 104 页。
[22]《资本论》(第 1 卷),人民出版社 1975 年第 1 版,第 708 页。
[23]这里主要是指2004年3月14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》修正的第 16 条。
[24]1984 年中共中央举行的第十二届三中全会中通过的《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》第 14 页。
[25]1984 年中共中央举行的第十二届三中全会中通过的《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》第 28 页。
[26]潘振民:《经济学教程》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社 1995 年第1 版,第 10-11 页。
[27]股票期权就是指按事先约定的日期、约定的价格、以约定的条件完成股票购买的权利。股票期权主要适应于上市公司。期权只是权利而不是义务,经营者有权决定买与不买。期股,就是经商定按既定价格购买一定量的股份,先行取得所购股份的分红权等部分权益,然后再分期支付购股款项。
[28]这里所谓的劳资同权是把劳动力与物质生产要素一同视为资本,是资本的两种不同表现形式,企业是物质形态资本和劳动力资本结合的场所,劳动力与机器设备等资本同样是生产要素,共同创造了企业的利润。
[29]这里提到的劳资平等是在于劳资双方人格平等。资方是资本的人格化,是生产资料所有权的体现;劳动者是劳动时间的人格化,是劳动力所有权的体现。
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18.陈宏辉、贾生华:《企业社会责任观的演进与发展:基于综合性社会契约的理解》,《中国工业经济》2003 年第 12 期。
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