摘要
截至2011年,中国的稀土资源以36%的储藏量供应着全球95%的需求量。过度开采造成了对生态环境的破坏,中国开采稀土赚的钱远不够治理其造成的污染,却仍然遭到墨西哥、欧盟等起诉实行贸易保护。国际劳工权益组织“中国劳工观察”曾发表报告,呼吁一些跨国玩具公司改善中国劳工待遇,一些国家则以此为借口,公开限制中国玩具进口,使中国企业受到很大的打击。
进入国际贸易组织后,中国全面开放国门,然而对外贸易却处处受阻。当代国际贸易究竟出了什么问题?中国如何才能跳出随着国际贸易的迅速扩张而爆发的新的贸易战?国际贸易在扩张过程中呈现的名义上的合理性和形式上的合法性,不得不各自面对哪些障碍?中国的国际贸易学研究如何才能长足发展下去?要回答这些问题,则很有必要重视国际贸易学的学科性质,需要将科学化与人文化的指标统一起来,从学理上进行综合考察。
新古典经济学之父马歇尔指出,在19世纪,“决定各国经济进步的原因就是国际贸易”。由此可见,自近代以来,国际贸易在世界经济增长中的地位举足轻重。然而,随着现代国际贸易的迅速扩张,西方学术界对贸易学中的视角一直局限于“物”而非“人”,导致当代西方贸易学的发展偏差,尤其是片面地强调科学至上、滥用技术以及不计后果过度开发等问题。相比之下,对贸易学中真正需要重视的问题,如人的生存环境,与贸易相关的生态环境,以及劳工的待遇等问题,西方学术界一直不够重视。本文认为,只有对国际贸易尝试科学化与人文化的综合研究,才有可能在实践中更加有效地解决上述一系列问题。
科学是人文的基础,而人文要随时规范科学事业。国际贸易学同样要对资源配置和财富增长等问题进行研究,追本溯源都是为了社会的全面进步和人类的全面发展而进行的。在《关于自由贸易的演说》中,马克思提到自由贸易与工人福利的关系,认为自由贸易只是某些派别为了粉饰自己的行为如何高尚,并不能使劳动阶级的处境得到改善。相比之下,劳工福利不提高,劳动者没有基本的生活保障,对整个经济的发展终将不利。世界市场理论和国际贸易理论等,一直是马克思经济理论体系的不可分割的有机组成部分,虽然马克思没有撰写有关人文贸易理论的专著,但是我们不难从他的一些零星的论述中找到有关国际贸易理论的基本观点。早在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,马克思就明确指出,贸易理论属于科学范畴,但贸易学不仅仅是科学,“人的解放和自由全面发展”更为重要,即人文范畴。综观其一生,马克思始终把这两个指标作为国际贸易学研究关注的重点。在马克思眼中,贸易学的“灵魂”是人文,贸易学终究还是“人的科学”,贸易学中的人文化是包涵科学化的人文化,贸易学的发展是科学与人文的统一。总之,“经济学研究的不是物,而是人与人之间的关系。”因此,兼具科学与人文双重性,贸易学才有可能完整地揭示当代国际贸易的全部内涵,将国际贸易学研究的手段与目的有机地统一起来。在国际贸易实践中,诸如生态环境遭到严重破坏等现象才有可能避免,使国际贸易学研究能够真正服务于人的全面发展和社会的全面进步。
国际贸易学中,数学化与模型以及其各种形式的应用,已经应用越来越广泛。贸易学科学化的今天,数学工具的运用使国际贸易理论得到了全新的解释,使国际贸易在实务领域焕发出生机,表现出了科学化的优势,即数学语言使贸易理论的表达变得严谨、清晰,数学法促进了国际贸易学的科学化,数学方法会促进新的贸易理论的产生。然而一些国际贸易学家热衷于对片面的形式化和模型化进行追捧,通过数学方式将国际贸易学变成像“科学”。认为如果不用数学模型的方法研究贸易学就不够“科学”、“规范”。国际贸易学研究中常常以应用数学工具的程度作为贸易学研究水平的标志。但过度的科学化会使国际贸易学陷入僵局。首先,国际贸易学具有的不确定性特征不适合完全数学化。其次,国际贸易学数学化发展的认识论反思。再次,数学化使国际贸易学陷入了模型化与现实性冲突的困境。这些缺陷虽然在某些方面体现比较明显,但是贸易学的科学化确实对贸易的进步起着不容忽视的推动作用。
在贸易学的人文化方面,环境资源保护概括了保护生态、防治和减少环境污染；保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康；合理利用自然资源等等。在动物福利上,使动物能够活得舒适,并为动物做好防疫工作,并给动物们提供一个相对宽松的活动空间。同时贸易学对个体的人文关怀即人权保护、劳工保护等做了研究,并对国家间的人文体现等具体表现进行逐一分析。通过对这些贸易人文化现象了解,认识到国际贸易人文化已经作为一种趋势发展起来,并在各个方面产生巨大的影响。国际贸易人文化使国际贸易理论基础发生动摇。传统国际贸易学研究的是片面追求功利主义和科学主义,追求利益的最大化实现,片面的把经济贸易等问题量化,不考虑其本质。贸易学的人文化发展就是对这种功利主义的有力批判。国际贸易学的人文化也对贸易学的完善起到了积极作用。但是一些发达国家利用人文贸易,凭借本国优势设置重重障碍,形成新一轮的贸易保护,被称为“新贸易保护主义”。新贸易保护主义是相对于传统贸易保护而言的,指自从上世纪90年代开始,经济的全球化促成新型的贸易保护主义形成。以绿色壁垒、技术壁垒为核心的多种新型贸易壁垒,阻碍了国际商品的自由流动和国家间贸易的自由进行。这种利用人文贸易而形成的新贸易保护主义可以说是人文贸易应用上的一个污点,它在使各国的利益评价标准逐步趋向统一的同时,也使国际贸易的目标和规范逐步偏离公平而走向歧视,并成为了西方国家推行霸权主义的一种工具。贸易的人文化不仅使经济学的理论层面产生了动摇,对传统贸易对环境资源和社会财富之间的关系等产生质疑,同时贸易的人文化对多边贸易来说是挑战,它考验着发达国家与发展中国家之间的关系。
对于科学与人文的融合,中国要从立法上着手,对我国相关产业进行严加控制,推动我国国际贸易相关指标的标准化,有效避免技术壁垒；提高贸易学中的科技因素,实施科技兴贸。对人的劳动环境和标准等进行相对改善,使人能够自由全面发展；同时对贸易的生态环境进行改善,加大服务贸易的比重,抢占国际上的绿色市场；对企业的自身价值进行提升,激发企业经营活力,提高企业在国际贸易中的竞争力,实施品牌效应,同时对国际相关认证进行研究,并加强自身产品的附加价值；最后要注意搭建一个通畅的信息平台,让国际相关标准能够及时的进入国内,使企业对国际形势迅速做出反应。
本文重温了马克思的贸易观,以此为主要视角,审视当今世界的各种贸易问题,尤其是强调对现有的贸易理论的进一步探讨。在马克思的自由全面发展观及以人为本的为核心的科学发展观的指导下,对于反思中国在改革开放之初的GDP发展观等,无疑兼有重大的理论意义和实践意义。并致力于对贸易观的科学化和人文化的综合研究,对传统的片面科学贸易观和人文贸易观有所评判,力图实现中国当代贸易学研究的科学化与人文化的有机统一
新中国的对外贸易历尽沧桑,国际贸易学作为一门新兴的学科一直没有得到科学和人文的综合审视。本文尝试以人文思想为指导探讨科学贸易观,力争为贸易学的可持续发展提供理论支持。
By the year 2011, Chinese 36% reserves of tombarthite resources supplies 95% of global demand, which however resultes in sustained serious damage on domestic environment. Even using the whole mining money earned for decades are not enough to control the pollution of the environment and at the same time, China is sued by Mexico and the European Union for the trade protection. International Labor Rights Organization---"Chinese Labor Oberservation" has made a report calling for a number of multinational toy companies to improve their treatment of Chinese workers, and then some countries took this action as an excuse to limit imports of Chinese toys, so that Chinese companies was seriously affected.
Although China is on the turn of the century and have already has the full liberalization, Chinese foreign trade is blocked everywhere. What's wrong with contemporary international trade? What are the research results of domestic and international academic researches? What are the inadequacies? How does China jump out of the new international trade war with the rapid expansion of international trade? International trade has the nominal form of rationality and legitimacy in the expansion process, but what kinds of other obstacles for it to face? How to develop Chinese international trade research? To answer these questions, it is necessary to mix the scientific and cultural indicators together and pay attention to the comprehensive research from the point of academic principles.
Marshall, the father of neoclassical economics, pointed out that, in the 19th century, "the reason deciding the national economic progress is the international trade." Thus, since modern times, international trade plays a decisive role in world economic growth. However, with the rapid expansion of modern international trade, Western academic perspective has been limited to "things" rather than "people", which leads to the deviation of development of contemporary Western commence, especially leading to the problems of one-sided emphasis on scientific supremacy, the abuse of technology and reckless over-development and other issues. In contrast, the study on the focus on trade issues, such as people's living environment, and trade-related environmental and labor issues are not paid enough attentions by Western academic circles. This paper argues that only trying to combine scientific and comprehensive cultural studies on international trade is possible to more effectively deal with these issues.
The relationship between science and humanity is a major basic proposition that human society has to face in the various lifestyle development processes. Research answers "what" questions, aimed at seeking "truth" and the value of humanity research aims to answer "how to do" question to find "kindness" and seek "beauty". The scientists of international trade mainly research the natural characteristics of the trade phenomenon, emphasizing scientific empirical method, combining the experimental data and pursuing precision and objectivity of trade; the humanists of international trade studies on subjective initiative such as ideas, will and culture, emphasizing the methods of explanation and description in order to achieve balance between science and humanities and contribute to personal, national, and the whole development of mankind.
Science is the basis of the humanities, and humanities regulate science at any time. International Trade also study the allocation of resources and the growth of economics and wealth, and in the final analysis, it aims at the whole development processes of human and society. Therefore, only having both the properties of science and humanity, international trade has the possibilty to fully reveal the entirety of the nature of contemporary international trade, and organically units, the research means and study purpose of international trade. In the international trade practice, such as the severely damaged ecological environment, can be avoided to happen and then make the international trade studies truly serve the overall human and social development progress.
In the "speech on free trade", Marx has proposed the relationship with the workers'welfare and believed that free trade was just used by some of the factions whitewash their actions how noble and does not make the working class improve the situation. In contrast, labor welfare is not increased, and workers don't have basic living guarantee, and then the whole economy will eventually get the negative effects. So the world market and international trade have been an integral part of Marx's economic theory. Although Marx did not write about human trade theory monographs, we can find some basic ideas on international trade. As far as in the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in 1844", Marx clearly pointed out that trade theory was a scientific discipline, but also more than science. The more important thing is it aimed at"human liberation" and "comprehensive free development of human", which is humanity scope. Marx always took these points as the focus on international trade research. According to Marx, international trade theory's "soul" is humanity, and this discipline is still a "science of man". The humanity of international trade is a humanity which contains scientific international trade, and the development of international trade is a unity of international trade and the science. In short, "what Economics studies is not material, but the relationship between people."
This thesis's comprehensive study shows that the contemporary Western International Trade defends the positive results of traditional research, but it exposes the fallacy of the premise assumptions, inflexible quantitative analysis models and many other brutal value judgements. If these these problems are neglected or ingored, it is not conducive to the normal development of International Trade in theory, and in practice, it is not conducive to the free developments of human and social progress. In contrast, taking the reviewing Marx's free and comprehensive concept of development as a basis to construct scientific development is undoubtedly has important theoretical and practical significance in reflecting on development of reform and opening up China's GDP. Especially in the field of foreign trade, this will help the Government to make a reasonable decision and make the people-oriented trade strategy for sustainable development.
In international trade, mathematics and model with its applications in various forms are more and more widely used in international trade. Today, mathematical tools used to make the theory of international trade has the new interpretation, making the international trade in practice field radiate vitality, and showing the scientific advantage, namely mathematics language make the trade theory expression to be precise, clear, mathematical method to promote international trade. Mathematical methods will promote the new trade theory; even some international trade experts are keen on the one-sided form and models were pursued, through mathematical method will become like the" theory of international trade science". If no mathematical method in trade is not a" specification". International trade studies often applied mathematical tools as the research level of degree of trade mark. Excessive scientific will make trade comes to deadlock. Firstly, the theory of international trade with the uncertain features does not fit exactly mathematical. Secondly, the theory of international trade development the epistemological reflection.Once again, the mathematics makes international trade in modeling and reality of the plight of conflict. These defects in certain respects reflect more obvious, but trade scientific doe's trade progress and it plays an important role in promoting.
In the humanitic trade, the protection of environment and resources protection of ecological, summed up the prevention and reduction of environmental pollution; the protection of human, animal and plant life; rational use of natural resources and so on. In animal welfare, the animal can live comfortably, and animal epidemic prevention work, and bring the animals provide a relatively loose activity space. Trade on individual humanistic concern is the protection of human rights, labor protection and so on. The National Humanities embody specific performance analyses. Through to understand this trade culture phenomenon, recognize that international trade human culture has been developed as a kind of trend, and have a great effect in various areas. International Trade and culture make international trade theory basis to produce a shake. The traditional international trade studies of one-sided pursuit of utilitarianism and scientism, the pursuit of profit maximize, one-sided to economic and trade issues of quantification, regardless of the nature. International trade of cultural development is the powerful critique of utilitarianism. The study of international trade culture also on trade has played a positive role in the improvement of. But some developed countries use the humane trade, by virtue of their own advantages barriers, the formation of a new round of trade protection, known as the" new trade protectionism". The new trade protectionism is compared with the traditional trade protection, in the early of 1990s the globale economic contributed to the new trade protectionism forms. Green barriers, technical barriers of trade as the core of the new trade barriers, impede the free movement of goods and the trade between countries. This use of cultural trade and the formation of new trade protectionism are seemed as humane trade applying a stain, it has interests of all countries and gradually towards a unified evaluation standard at the same time, also makes the international trade goals and norms gradually deviate fairness to discrimination, and became a tool of the western hegemony. Trade culture not only makes the economics theory arose to shake, but also bring some questions to the traditional trade on environmental resources and wealth of the community. At the same time, trade culture on multilateral trade become a challenge, it tests the relationship between developed and developing countries.
For the integration of science and humanities, on the basis of legislative, China control the relevant industries strictly, to promote our country international trade standardization, effectively avoid the technical barriers of trade, and improving the technological factors. The working environment and the standard of the relative improvement, people can comprehensive development. Trade ecological environment improvement; increase the service trade proportion, to seize the international green market, to the enterprise's own value upgrade, to stimulate business activity. Enhance the enterprise the competition ability in international trade, effect the implementation of brand, while the relevant international certificates for research, and strengthen their own value-added products. Finally, should pay attention to build an unobstructed information platform, make the relevant international standards to enter the domestic, so that enterprises can quickly respond to the international situation.
This paper focuses on Marx's concept of trade and takes this point as the main perspective to look at today's world trade issues, and particularly emphasizes on the further discussions on the existing humanity trade theory. This paper is committed to a comprehensive study on the scientific and humanism of the traditional trade. And also this paper will judge the traditional one-sided view of the humanity trade and then takes the cultural process as a whole to be examined. From the perspective of the unity of science and humanities, this paper deeply analyzes the relationship between the international trade and the environment and human health freedoms, and the relationship between the countries indicators as well as defects in the human trade and other issues, trying to achieve Chinese organic unity study of scientific study and the humanity study on contemporary trade.
Chinese foreign trade suffered a lot, as a new subject international trade has not gotten a comprehensive review of science and the humanities. In this paper, finding the new research paths is the research driving force, and this paper trys to take the humanity as the directing theories to explore the cultural thinking of the scientific concept of trade and strive to provide theoretical support for sustainable development of international trade.
引文
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在《北美劳工合作协议》附件1中强调“国际承认的最重要的原则,如结社自由和集体谈判没有作为签约国各方必须遵守的义务,而只是作为各方促进实施本国劳动法的指导原则,也没有为他们本国劳动法建立一个共同的最低标准。这意味着各方可以按照自己的方式、法律、规则、程序和实践来保护他们各自劳动力的权益。”
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①数据来源于http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2010-10/26/c_12704152.htm
②邢厚媛.扩大服务贸易出口的思路与对策,国际经济合作,2007,(4)：9-13.
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