摘要
本文选择在我国北方地区广泛分布的多年生草本植物乌拉草为研究对象,经过连续的碱抽提出碱木质素、半纤维素、酶酸解木质素,结合湿法化学和现代仪器分析手段,系统表征了乌拉草木质素、半纤维素、酶酸解木质素的化学结构特征,并比较了白腐菌C7784预处理和稀酸预处理后对乌拉草木质素结构的影响。
对纤维素酶解残渣进行了0.1M盐酸的90%二氧六环-水溶液抽提和2%氢氧化钠抽提,提取液经三倍乙醇沉淀得到了两个半纤维素组分H1和H2,进一步浓缩在酸水中沉淀得到两个木质素组分L1和L2。分离得到的木质素达到原木木质素29.5%和13.5%,木质素样品中的总糖浓度分别为糖的总浓度达到11.20mg L-1, L2中残留糖的总浓度仅有0.36mg L-1。碱法提取的溶液经乙醇沉淀除去的组分占原半纤维素12.2%,而酸性二氧六环提取的溶液提取的溶液除去的组分仅占原半纤维素4.2%。总的来说,通过乙醇沉淀半纤维素以达到纯化木质素产品的目的只对碱法提取的过程行之有效。酶酸解木质素与碱木质素都是典型的GSH型木质素,主要的连接方式为β-O-4'连接,其次是β-5’连接,再次是β-β’的连接。酶酸解L]中阿魏酸和对香豆酸均以酯键与其相连,碱木质素木质素L2中只有对香豆酸以酯键与其相连,并且黄酮的信号消失。
采用了七步连续抽提对乌拉草原料中的木质素进行分离,条件依次为0.25%NaOH-70%乙醇溶液、0.5%、1%、1.5%和2%NaOH溶液以固液比1：25(g mL-1)在80℃水浴加热3h,得到的木质素质量占原本克拉森木质素质量的4.4%,6.9%,10.9%,13.2%,7.9%和4.9%,得到的木质素样品总量占原本克拉森木质素质量的48.2%。随着使用的碱浓度的升高,得到的木质素样品的分子量降低(从4590降到2120g mol-1),纯度升高(中性糖和糖醛酸总量从8.52%降到3.46%)。从红外谱图可以看出,6个木质素样品具有相似的化学结构,,以木质素样品L2和L3的核磁共振谱图解析推断木质素结构得出：乌拉草碱溶性木质素样品为典型的GSH型木质素,主要的连接键类型为β-O-4芳基醚键连接,此外还含有少量的β-β,β-5’的连接键类型。
采用了七步连续抽提对乌拉草原料中的半纤维素进行分离,条件依次为0.25%NaOH-70%乙醇溶液、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%和3%NaOH溶液以固液比1：25(gmL-1)在80℃水浴加热3h,得到的半纤维素质量分别占原料的初始质量的1.8%,5.2%,5.9%,4.1%,4.9%,4.0%和4.4%,占原本半纤维素质量的5.8%,16.7%,18.9%,13.1%,15.7%,12.8%和14.1%,得到的半纤维素样品总量占原木半纤维素质量的97.1%。水溶性的半纤维素平均分子量低(16690g mol-1)分支度高(木糖相对含量5.6%),碱溶性的半纤维素平均分子量高分支度低,并且随着碱浓度的升高,所得半纤维素样品的平均分子量升高(34620-106210g mol-1),分支度降低(木糖相对含量48.6-71.2%)。糖分析结果看出,碱溶性半纤维素是以木糖为骨架,支链为阿拉伯糖(11.9-18.1%)和糖醛酸(8.1-10.5%),而水溶性半纤维素则主要以葡萄糖为骨架(相对含量43.5%),半乳糖(相对含量23.9%)和阿拉伯糖(相对含量10.3%)为分支。从红外分析结果可以看出,七个半纤维素样品具有相似的结构,对半纤维素样品的H3的核磁共振谱图分析可以得到半纤维素样品结构的示意图：(1→4)[4-O-甲基-α-葡萄糖醛酸-(1→2)][α-L-阿拉伯呋喃-(1→3)]-β-D-木聚糖
白腐菌T. hirsute C7784不仅降解乌拉草中的木质素,也降解其中的纤维素和半纤维素,而且菌处理三周时,半纤维素降解最多其次是纤维素,木质素未发生降解,降解六周后,木质素才发生降解。从分子量的数据可以看出,菌处理三周时,木质素样品中低分子量的部分得到了降解,六周时大分子量的木质素得到了降解。从核磁结果看来,乌拉草木质素中主要的连接键类型是β-O-4醚键,其次是苯基香豆满和少量的麦黄酮在菌处理前后未发生减少。菌处理6周后,一部分碳-碳键和少量的甲氧基,像β-β’和β-5’明显地发生了降解。对于木质素的结构单元来说,愈创木单元比紫丁香单元更容易被白腐菌T. hirsute C7784降解。
In this thesis, lignin, hemicelluloses, and enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin (EMAL) were isolated from Carex meyeriana Kunth by successive treatments with incremental concentration alkaline solvents. The structural characteristics of the isolated hemicelluloses, lignin, and EMAL were investigated., and the lignin structure changes were comparatively studied after white-rot fungus treatment and dilute acid treatment.
The enzymatic hydrolysis residue were successively extracted with0.1M HCI and2%NaOH, the filtration was adjusted pH5.5, concentration and the hemicellulosic fractions Hiand H2were precipitated in3-time volue ethanol. The filtration was further adjusted pH to2to obtain lignin fractions L1and L2, accounting to the29.5%and13.5%of Klason lignin. The sugar and uronic acid concentration in lignin fractions were11.20and1.14mg L-1. The precipitated hemicellulosic fractions were12.2and4.2%of the origin hemicelluloses with alkali and acidified dioxane extraction. The EMAL and alkali lignin were both typical GSH linin, the linkage between lignin units were β-O-4', β-5,β-β'. The ester bond signals of lignin with ferulic acid and p-courmaric acid signals presented in HSQC of L1, while the ester bond signal between lignin and ferulic acid was disappeared in HSQC of L2.
Successive extractions with distilled water,0.25%NaOH-95%ethanol solution,0.5%,1%,1.5%and2%NaOH aqueous solutions at a solid-liquid ratio of1:25(g mL"1) at80℃for3h from Carex meyeriana Kunth released4.4%,6.9%,10.9%,13.2%,7.9%and4.9%of the original lignin, respectively. The physico-chemical properties and structural features of these lignin fractions were comprehensively characterized by HPLC, GPC, NMR spectroscopy, and TGA. The alkali concentration increment had a positive influence on the purity of the lignin fractions, but a negative influence on the average molecular weight and thermal stability. The FT-IR spectra showed that the lignin fractions had similar structural features with those of GSH type lignin. The 1H and13C and2D NMR spectra illustrated that typical lignin fractions had predominantly β-O-4aryl ether linkages followed by β-β and β-5'ones.
Successive extractions of de-waxed Carex meyeriana Kunth with distilled water,0.25%NaOH-70%ethanol solution,0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%and3%NaOH aqueous solutions at a solid-liquid ratio of1:25(g mL"1at80℃for3h released5.8%,16.7%,18.9%,13.1%,15.7%,12.8%and14.1%of the original hemicelluloses, respectively. The GPC analysis showed that the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of alkali-soluble hemicelluloses was obviously higher than that of water-soluble hemicelluloses (16690g mol-1) and with the increasing of alkali concentration the Mw increased from34620to106210g mol-1. Comparison of these hemicellulosic indicated that more branched and smaller molecular size of hemicelluloses fractions (xylose5.6%) were more easily extracted by the hot water treatment. While the alkali-soluble hemicellulosic fractions contained less branched and larger molecular size of the polymers, in which xylose (48.6-71.2%) was found to be the major sugar component together with small amounts of arabinose (11.9-18.1%), uronic acids (8.1-10.5%), galactose (4.5-13.1%), glucose (2.7-9.2%), and a trace amount of rhamnose (0.7-1.5%). The results obtained by the analysis of FT-IR, sugar composition,1H and13C NMR indicated that there were no considerable differences in the structural features of the water-and alkali-soluble hemicellulosic fractions, which were mainly comprised of (1→4)[4-O-Me-β-D-GlcpA-(1→2)][a-L-Araf-(1→3)]--β-D-Xylp units.
Carex meyeriana Kunth was subjected to biological pretreatment with white-rot fungus F. palustris C7784, and the structural changes of the lignin were investigated. Results showed that there was a slight decrease in carbohydrate content after pretreatment for3weeks, but a noticeable decrease in lignin and carbohydrate contents for6weeks. Detail structural analysis of the isolated lignin from the samples revealed that Carex meyeriana Kunth lignin consisted mainly of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units with minor p-coumarate and ferulate units. The predominate lignin interunits were β-O-4' ether linkages, followed by phenylcoumaran, together with a lower proportion of resinol and tricin substructures. After pretreatment for6weeks, the contents of β-β'and β-5' linkages notably decreased, suggesting that the fungus preferentially attacked these linkages. The pretreatment led to an increase of S/G ratio from0.64in the control to0.83in the sample pretreated for6weeks. The comprehensive understanding of the structural changes of lignin offers new insights into the biological degradation of Carex meyeriana Kunth by white-rot fungus.
引文
A Bjorkman. A study on finely divided wood. Part I:Extraction of lignin with neutral solvents [J]. Sven papperstidn,1956,59,477-485.
A. Bjorkman. Isolation of lignin from finely divided wood with neutral solvents[J]. Nature,1954, 174:1057-1058.
A. Carder. Forest giants of the world:Past and present. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Canada,1995.
A. Chikako, N. Yoshitoshi, K. Fumihisa. Waste reduction system for production of useful materials from unutilized bamboo using steam explosion followed by various conversion methods [J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal,2004,23:131-137.
A. Demirbas. Pyrolysis and steam gasification processes of black liquor [J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2002,43:877-884.
A. Don, B. Osborne, A. Hastings, Skiba. Ute, M. S. Carter, J. Drewer. Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe:implications for the green house gas balance and soil carbon. Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2011,4:372-391.
AEBIOM, Brussels:European Biomass Association; 2011 (Annual statistical report on the contribution of biomass to the energy system in the EU 27).
A. Enoki, F. Yaku, T. Koshijima. Synthesis of LCC model compounds and their chemical and enzymatic stabilities[J]. Holzforschung,1983,37:135-141.
A. Guerra, I. Fil pponen, L. A. Lucia, C. Saquing, S. Baumberger, D. S. Argyropoulos. Toward a better understanding of the lignin isolation processs from wood [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2006,54:5939-5947.
A. H. Breanan, W. Hougl, D. J. Schell. High temperature acid hydrolysis of biomass using an engineering scale plug flow reactor:results of low solids testing [J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,1986,17:53-70.
A. I. Hatakka. Pretreatment of wheat straw by white-rot fungi for enzymic saccharification of cellulose [J]. Applied Microbioogyl. Biotechnology,1983,18(6):350-357.
A. J. Kerr, D. A.I. Goring. The ultrastructural arrangement of the wood cell wall [J]. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology,1975,9:563-573.
A. J. Ragauskas, C. K. Williams, B. H. Davison, G. Britovsek, J. Cairney, C. A. Eckert, W. J. Frederick Jr, J. P. Hallett, D. J. Leak, C. L. Liotta, J. R. Mielenz, R. Murphy, R. Templer, T. Tschaplinski. The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science,2006,311:484-489.
A. Leonowicz, A. Matuszewska, J. Luterek, D. Ziegenhagen, M. Wojtas-Wasilewska, N. S. Cho, M. Hofrichter, J Rogalski. Biodegradation of lignin by white rot fungi [J]. Fungal Genetic and Biology,1999,27(2):175-185.
A. Lindner, G. Wegener. Characterization of lignns from organosolv pulping according to the organocell process PART 1. Elemental analysis, nonlignin portions and functional groups [J]. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology,1988,8(3):323-340.
A. Mimms, M. Kocurek, J. A. Pytte, E. Wright. Kraft pulping chemistry and process [M]. Peachtree Corners, GA, USA:Tappi press,1989.
A. P. Karmanov, Y. B. Monakov. Lignin. Structural organization and fractal properties[J]. Russian Chemical Reviews 2003,72:715-734.
A. P. Zhang, F. C. Lv., C. F. Liu. Isolation and Characterization of Lignins from Eucalyptus tereticornis (12ABL) [J]. Agricultural and food chemistry,2010,58:11287-11293
A. P. Zhang, C. F. Liu, R. C. Sun. Fractional isolation and characterization of lignin and hemicelluloses from Triploid of Populus tomentosa Carr. [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2010, 31(2):357-362.
A. S. Jaaskelainen, Y. Sun, D. S. Argyropoulos, T. Tamminen, B. Hortling. The Effect of isolation method on the chemical structure of residual lignin [J]. Wood Science and Technology,2003,37, 91-102.
A. Sluiter, B. Hames, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, J. Sluiter, D. Templeton, D. Crocker. Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass [J]. Laboratory Analytical Procedure, Technical Report NREL/TP-510-42618, Natural Renewable Energy Labortory (NREL), Golden, CO,2008.
A. Tejado, C. Pena, J. Labidi, J. M. Echeverria, I. Mondragon. Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis [J]. Bioresource Technology,2007,98(8):1655-1663.
A. T. Martinez, J. Rencoret, G. Marques, A. Gutierrez, D. Ibarra, J. Jimenez-Barbero, J. C. del Rio. Monolignol acylation and lignin structure in some nonwoody plants:A 2D NMR study [J]. Phytochemistry,2008,69:2831-2843.
A. U. Buranov, G. Mazza. Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops [J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2008,28(3):237-259, (2008)
B. Gabrielle, L. Bamiere, N. Caldes. Pavingthe way for sustainable bioenergy in Europe: Technological options and research avenues for large-scale biomass feedstock supply [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,33:11-25.
B. Sakke, R. Lehnen. Lignin, in Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,2012,21-36.
B. Xiao, X. F. Sun, R. C. Sun. Chemical, structural, and thermal characterizations of alkali-soluble lignins and hemicelluloses, and cellulose from maze stems, rye straw, and rice straw [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2001,74:307-319.
B. Yang, C. E. Wyman. Pretreatment:the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol [J]. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr,2007,2(1):26-40.
C. E. Wyman. Biomass ethanol:technical progress, opportunities, and commercial challenges [J]. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,1999,24:189-226.
C. Lapierre, D. Jouin, B. Monties. On the molecular origin of the alkali solubility of Gramineae lignins [J]. Phytochemistry,1989,28(5):1401-1403.
C. L. Chen. Characterization of milled wood lignins and dehydrogenative polymerisates from monolignols by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy[M]. In:Lewis, N.G., Sarkanen, S.(Eds.), Lignin and Lignan Biosynthesis. American Chemical Society,1998:255-275.
C. Plomion, G. Leprovost, A. Stokes. Wood formation in trees [J]. Plant Physiology,127: 1513-1523.
C. P. Vance, T. K. Kirk, R. T. Sherwood. Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance [J]. Annual Review Phytopathology,1980,18:259-288.
C. Sievers. T. Marzialetti, T. J. Hoskins, M. B. Valenzuela Olarte, P. K. Agrawal, C. W. Jones. Quantitative solid state NMR analysis of residue form acid hydrolysis of loblolly pine wood [J]. Bioresources Technology,2009,100:4758-4765.
C. Vila, V. Santos, J. C. Parajo. Recovery of lignin and furfural from acetic acid-water-HC1 pulping liquors [J]. Bioresource Technology,2003,90:339-344.
C. Y. Xu, F. Y. Ma, X. Y. Zhang, S. L. Chen. Biological pretreatment of corn stover by Irpex lacteus for enzymatic hydrolysis [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(20): 10893-10898.
D. B. Jordan, M. J. Bowman, J. D. Braker, B. S. Dien, R. E. Hector, C. C. Lee, J. A. Mertens, K. Wagschal. Plant cell walls to ethanol [J]. Biochemistry,2012,442(2):241-252.
D. S. Arora, R. K. Sharma, P. Chandra. Biodelignification of wheat straw and its effect on in vitro digestibility and antioxidant properties [J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2011,65(2):352-358.
D. W. Einspahr, R. E. Goddard, H. S. Gardner..Slash pine wood and fiber property heritability study [J]. Silvae Genetica,1964,13:103-109.
E. Adler. Lignin chemistry-past, present and future [J]. Wood Science and Technology,1977,11: 169-218.
E. Beckman, O. Liesche, F. Lehman. Qualitative and quantitative unterschiede der lignin eiiger Holz-and Stroharten [J]. Biochemische Zeitschrift,1923,139:491-508.
E. Pye, L. Loral J. The Alcell process a proven a alternative of Alcell lignin by sequentiao solvent extraction [J]. Tappi Journal,1991,73(3):113-117.
F. Abdelkafi, H. Ammar, B. Rousseau, M. Tessier, R. El Gharbi, A. Fradet. Structural analysis of alfa grass(Stipa tenacissima L.) lignin obtained by acetic acid/formic acid delignification [J]. Biomacromolecules,2011,12(11):3895-3902.
FAO. World livestock 2011-livestock in food security. Rome:FAO; 2011.
F. Carrasco, C. Roy. Kinetic study of dilute-acid prehydrolysis of xylan-containing biomass [J]. Wood Science and Technology,1992,26:189-208.
F. Chakar, A. Ragauskas. Review of current and future softwood kraft lignin process chemistry [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2004,20:131-41.
F. Chen, R. A. Dixon. Lignin modification improves fermatable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat Biotechnology,2007,25:759-761.
F. C. Lu, J. Ralph. Non-degradative dissolution and acetylation of ball-milled plant cell walls: high-resolution solution-state NMR [J]. Plant Journal,2003,35,535-544.
F. E. Brauns. Native lignin I. Its isolation and methylation [J]. Journal of American Chemistry Society,1939,61,2120-2127.
F. Hu, S. Jung, A. Ragauskas. Pseudo-lignin formation and its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis [J]. Bioresources Technology,2012,117:7-12.
F. Masarin, P. C. Pavan, M. P. Vicentim, P. B. Souza-Cruz, C. Loguercio-Leite, A. Ferraz. Laboratory and mill scale evaluation of biopulping of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex maiden with Phanerochaete chrysosporium RP-78 under non-aseptic conditions [J]. Holzforschung,2009, 63(3):259-263.
F. Peng, J. L. Ren, F. Xu, J. Bian, P. Peng, and R. C. Sun. Comparative study of hemicelluloses obtained by graded ethanol precipitation from sugarcane bagasse [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2009,57(14):6305-6317.
F. Peng, J. L. Ren, F. Xu, R. C. Sun. Fractionation of alkali-solubilized hemicelluloses from delignified Populus gansuensis:structure and properties [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2010,58:5743-5750.
F. Peng, J. L. Ren, F. Xu, J. Bian, P. Peng, R. C. Sun. Fractional study of alkali -soluble hemicelluloses obtained by graded ethanol precipitation from sugarcane bagasse. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58,1768-1776.
F. Shafizadeh, A. Bradbury. Thermal degradation of cellulose in air and nitrogen at low temperatures [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2003,23(5):1431-1442.
F. Teymouri, L. Laureano-Perez, H. Alizadeh, B. E. Dale. Optimization of the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover [J]. Bioresource Technology,2005,96(18):2014-2018
F. Xu, J. X. Sun, R. C. Sun. Comparative study of organosolv lignins from wheat straw[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2005,41(4-6):311-318.
F. Xu, J. X. Sun, C. F. Liu, R. C. Sun. Comparative study of alkali- and acidic organic solvent soluble hemicellulosic polysaccharides from sugarcane bagasse [J]. Carbohydrate Research,2006, 341(2):253-261.
F. Xu, J. X. Sun, R. C. Sun, P. Fowler, M. S. Baird. Comparative study of organosolv lignins from wheat straw [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2006,23(2):180-193.
F. Xu, C. F. Liu, Z. C. Geng, J. X. Sun, R. C. Sun, B. H. He, L. Lin, S. B. Wu, J. Je. Characterisation of degraded organoslv hemicelluloses from wheat straw [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2006,91(8):1880-1886.
F. Xu, R. C. Sun, M. Z. Zhai. Fractional separation of hemicelluloses and lignin in high yield and purity from mild ball-mild Periploca sepium [J]. Separation Science and Technology,2008,43: 3351-3375.
F. Xu, R. C. Sun, M. Z. Zhai. Comparative study of three lignin fractions isolated from mild ball-milled Tamarix austromogoliac and Caragana sepium[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008,108:1158-1168.
F. Yaku, Y. Yamada, T. Koshijima. Lignin Carbohy- drate Complex Part. Ⅱ. Enzymic degradation of acidic polysaccharide in Bjorkman LCC [J]. Holzforschung,1976,30(5):148-156.
F. Yaku, Y. Yamada, T. Koshijima. Lignin-carbohydrate complex. Part Ⅳ. Lignin as a side chain of the carbohydrate in Bjorkman LCC [J]. Holzforschung,1981,135:177-181.
G. Fredheim, S. Braaten, B. Christensen. Molecular weight determination of lignosulfonates by size-exclusion chromatography and multi-angle laser light scattering [J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2002,942:191-199.
G. Gellerstedt, J. Pranda, E. L. Lindfors. Structural and molecular properties of residual birch kraft lignins [J]. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology,1994,14:467-482.
G. Gilardi, L. Abis and E. G. Cass. Carbon-13 CP/MAS solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy of wood cell wall biodegradation [J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology,1995,17(3):268-275.
G. Muralikrishna, M. S. Rao. Cereal non-cellulosic polysaccharides:structure and function relationship-an overview[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nurition,2007,47:599-610.
G. Vazquez, G. Antorrena, J. Gonzalez. FTIR,1H and 13C NMR characterization of acetosolv-solublilized pine and eucalyptus lignin [J]. Holzforschung,1997,51(2):158-166.
G. W. Koch, S. C. Sillett, G. M. Jennings, S. D. Davis. The limits to tree height [J]. Nature Biotechnology,2004,428:851-854.
H. Chang, E. Cowling, W. Brown. Comparative studies on celluloytic enzyme lignin and milled lignin of sweetgum and spruce [J]. Holzforschung,1975,29,153-159.
H. Chum, APC. Faaij, J. Moreira, G. Berndes, P. Dhamija, H. Dong. Bioenergy. In:O. Endenhofer,
R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadnert, Editors. PCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation [M]. Cambridge United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:Cambridge University Press:2011.
H. M. Chang, E. B. Cowling, W. Brown. Comparative studies on cellulolytic enzyme lignin and milled wood lignin of sweetgum and spruce[J]. Holzforschung,1975,29:235-240.
H. W. Nimz. Carbon-13 NMR spectra of lignins,8 structural differences between lignins of hardwoods, softwoods, grasses and compression wood [J]. Holzforschung,1981,35(1):16-36.
H. Yang, K. Wang, W. Wang, R. C. Sun. Improved bioconversion of poplar by synergistic treatments with white-rot fungus Trametes velutina D10149 pretreatment and alkaline fractionation [J]. Bioresource Technology,2013,130; 578-583.
H. Yu, W. Du, J. Zhang, F. Ma, X. Zhang, W. Zhong. Fungal treatment of cornstalks enhances the delignification and xylan loss during mild alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility of glucan [J]. Bioresource Technology,2010,101(17):6728-6734.
IEA Bioenergy. A sustainable and reliable energy source. Main report. Paris:International Energy Agency; 2009.
IEA. World energy outlook. Paris:The international energy agency; 2012 Paris:The International Energy Agency; 2012.
I. Egues, M. Gonzalez Alriols, Z. Herseczki, G. Marton, J. Labidi. Hemicelluloses obtaining from rapeseed cake residue generated in the biodiesel production process [J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2010,16(2):293-298.
I. Kamei, Y. Hirota, T. Mori, H. Hirai, S. Meguro, R. Kondo. Direct ethanol production from cellulosic materials by the hypersaline-tolerant white-rot fungus Phlebia sp. MG-60. [J]. Bioresource Technology,2012,112:137-142.
J. B. Li, G. Henriksson, G. Gellerstedt. Carbohydrate reactions during high-temperature steam treatment of aspen wood [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2005,125:175-188.
J. B. Li, G. Henriksson, G. Gellerstedt. Lignin depolymerization/repolymerization and its critical role for delignification of aspen wood by steam explosion [J]. Bioresource Technology,2007, 98(16):3061-3068.
J. Bian, F. Peng, P. Peng, F. Xu, R. C. Sun. Isolation and fractionation of hemicelluloses by graded ethanol precipitation from Caragana korshinskii [J]. Carbohydrate Research,2010,345(6): 802-809.
J. C. del Rio, J. Rencoret, G. Marques, A. Gutierrez, D. Ibarra, J. I. Santos, J. Jimenez-Barbero, L. M. Zhang, A. T. Martinez. Highly acylated (acetylated and/or p-coumaroylated) native lignins from diverse herbaceous plants [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(20): 9525-9534.
J. C. del Rio, J. Rencoret, G. Marques, J. B. Li, G. Gellerstedt, J. Jimenez-Barbero, A. T. Martinez, A. Gutierrez. Structural characterization of the lignin from jute (Corchorus capsularis) Fibers [J]. 2009,57(21):10271-10281.
J. C. del Rio, J. Rencoret, P. Prinsen, A. T. Martinez, J. Ralph, A. Gutierrez. Structural characterization of wheat straw lignin as revealed by analytical pyrolysis,2D-NMR, and reductive cleavage methods [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(23):5922-5935.
J. C. Pew. Properties of powered wood and isolation of lignin by cellulytic enzymes[J]. Tappi, 1957,40:553-558.
J. D. Mao, K. M. Holtman, D. Franqui-Villanueva. Chemical structures of con stover and its residue after dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis:insight into factors limiting enzymatic hydrolysis [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58:11680-11687.
J. H. Grabber, J. Ralph, R. D. Hatifield. Cross-linking of maize walls by ferulate dimerization and incorpation into lignin [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2000,51:4894-4989.
J. Jakobsons, B. Hortling, P. Erins, J. Sundquist. Characterization of alkali-soluble fractions of steam exploded birch wood [J]. Holzforschung,1995,49:51-59.
J. J. Villaverde, J. B. Li, M. Ek, P. Ligero, A. de Vega. Native lignin structure of Miscanthus x giganteus and its changes during acetic and formic acid fractionation [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2009,57(14):6262-6270.
J. J. Villaverde, P. Ligero, A. Vega. A formic and acetic acid as agents for a cleaner fractionation of Miscanthus x giganteus [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18:395-401.
J. L. Ren, Z. C. Geng, C. F. Liu, F. Xu, J. X. Sun, R. C. Sun. Fractional isolation and structural characterization of hemicellulosic polymers from delignified and ultrasonic irradiated sugarcane bagasse E-polymers,2006,67:1-12.
J. L. Wen, B. L. Xue, F. Xu, R. C. Sun, A. Pinkert. Unmasking the structural features and property of lignin from bamboo [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2013,42:332-343.
J. M. Lawther, R. C. Sun, W. B. Banks. Extraction, fractionation and characterization of structural polysaccharides from wheat straw [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1995,43(2): 667-675.
J. M. Lawther, R. C. Sun, W. B. Banks. Fractional characterization of alkali-labile lignin and alkali-insoluble lignin from wheat straw [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,1996,5,291-300.
J. M. Peter, P. E. T. Baylis, E. Adler. The isolation and properties of lignins obtained by the acidolysis of spruce ans aspen woods in dioxane-water medium [J]. Canadian Journal of Chemistry-revue Candienne De Chimie,1959,37:1241-1248.
J. Obst. Frequency and alkali resistance of lignin-carbohydrate bonds in wood[J]. Tappi,1982,65: 109-112.
J. P. van Buijtenen, D. W. Einspahr, J. R. Peckham. Micropulping loblolly pine grafts selected for extreme wood specific gravity [J]. Silvae Genetica,1968,17:15-19.
J. Quesada-Medina, F. J. Lopez-Cremades, P. Olivare-Carillo. Organosolv extraction of lignin from hybrid almond shells and application of the y-value theory. Bioresour ces Technology,2010, 101,8252-8260.
J. Ralph, J. H. Grabber, R. D. Hatfield. Lignin-ferulate cross-links in grasses:active incorporation of ferulate polysaccharide esters into ryegrass lignins [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,1995,275: 167-178.
J. Ralph, R. D. Hatfield, J. Piquemal, N. Yahiaoqui, M. Pean, C. Lapierre, A. M. Boudet. NMR characterization of altered lignins extracted from tobacco plants down-regulated for lignifications enzymes cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase [J]. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences of the united states of America,1998,95:12803-12808.
J. Ralph, K. Lundquist, G. Brunow, F.C. Lu, H. Kim, P. F. Schatz, J.M. Marita, R.D. Hatfield, S.A. Ralph, J.H. Chrtensen, W. Boerjan. Lignins:natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoids [J]. Phytochemistry Reviews,2004,3(1-2):29-60.
J. Rencoret, G. Marques, A. Gutierrez, L. Nieto, J. Jimenez-Barbero, A. T. Martinez, J. G. Rio. Isolation and structural characterization of the milled wood lignin from Paulownia fortune wood [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2009,30(1):137-143.
J. Rencoret, G. Marques, A. Gutierrez, L. Nieto, JI. Santo, J. Jimenez-Barbero, A. T. Martinez, J. C. del Rio. HSQC-NMR analysis of lignin in woody (Eucalyptus globules and Picea abies) and non-woody (agave sisalana) ball-milled plant materials at the gel state [J]. Holzforschung,2009, 63:691-698.
J. R. Obst, T. K. Kirk. Isolation of lignin [M]. In Biomass part B, Lignin, pectin and chitin, methods in enzymology; W. A. Wood, S. T. Kellogg, Eds; Academic Press:San Diego, AC,1988; Vol.161,pp3-13.
J. Villaverde, P. Liogero, A. Vega. Formic and acetic acid as agents for a cleaner fractionation of Miscanthus x giganteus [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18:395-401. J. W. Lee, K. S. Gwak, J. Y. Park, M. J. Park, D. H, Choi, M. Kwon, I. G. Choi. Biological pretreatment of softwood Pinus densiflora by three white rot fungi [J]. Journal of Microbiology, 2007,45(6):485-491.
J. X. Sun, F. Xu, X. F. Sun. Comparative study of lignins from ultrasonic irradiated sugar-cane bagasse [J]. Polymer International,2004,53(1),1711-1721.
J. X. Sun, X. F. Sun, R. C. Sun, Y. Q. Su. Fractional extraction and structural chracterization of sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2004,56:195-204.
J. Y. Chen, Y. Shimizu, M. Takai, J. Hayashi. A method for isolation of milled-wood lignin involving solvent swelling prior to enzyme treatmet [J]. Wood Science and Technology,1995,29, 295-303.
J. Zakzeski, P. Bruijnincx, A. Jongerius, B. Weckhuysen. The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals [J]. Chemical Review,2010,110:3552-3599.
J. Z. Mao, L. M. Zhang, F. Xu. Fractional and structural characterization of alkaline lignins from Carex meyeriana Kunth[J]. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology,2012,46:193-205.
J. Z. Mao, J. F. Ma, Z. H. Zhang, Feng Xu. Comparative Study of Hemicelluloses Isolated with Alkali Under the Incremental Concentrations from Carex meyeriana Kunth [J]. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy,2011,5:1-10.
J. Z. Mao, X. Zhang, M. F. Li, F. Xu. Effect of Biological Pretreatment with White-rot Fungus Trametes hirsute C7784 on Lignin Structure in Carex meyeriana Kunth. Bioresources.2013,8(3): 3869-3883.
K. A. Anderwartha, D. R. Phillips, B. A. Stone. Solution properties of wheat flour arabinoxylans and enzymically modified arabinoxylans Carbohydrate Research,1979,77:191-204.
K. Ehara, S. Saka, H. Kawamoto. Characterization of the lignin-derived products from wood as treated in supercritical water [J]. Journal of Wood Science,2002,48(4):320-325.
K. Freudenberg, A. C. Neish. Constitution and biosynthesis of lignin [M]. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1968:51.
K. Katsuraya, K. Okuyama, K. Hatanaka, R. Oshima, T. Sato, K. Matsuzaki. Constitution of konjac glucomannan:chemical analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2003,53(2):183-189.
K. Lundquist, R. Simonson, K. Tingsvik. Lignin-carbohydrate linkages in milled wood lignin preparations from spruce wood [J]. Svensk Papperstidn,86(6):44-47 (1983).
K. Okano, M. Kitagawa, Y. Sasaki, T Watanabe. Conversion of Japanese red cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) into a feed for ruminants by white-rot basidiomycetes [J]. Animal. Feed Science and Technology,2005,120(3):235-243.
K. Pandey, A. Pitman. FTIR studies of the changes in wood chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi [J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2003,52(3): 151-160.
K. Sarkanen. Chemistry of solvent pulping, Pulping Conference, 1990.
K. V. Sarkanen, C. H. Luidwig. Lignins:Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions [J]. John Wiley and Sons, New York,1971.
L. H. Yu and S. J. Tang, ShanDong Text. Sci. Technol.,6,54 (2005).
L. Li, Y. Zhou, X. Cheng, J. Sun, J. Marita, J. Ralph, V. Chiang. Combinatorial modification of multiple lignin traits in trees through multigene cotransformation [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2003,100:4939-4944.
L. Perez-Cantu, A. Schreiber, F. Schiitt, B. Saake, C. Kirsch, I. Smirnova. Comparison of pretreatment methods for rye straw in the second generation biorefinery:Effect on cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin recovery [J]. Bioresource Technology,2013,142:428-435.
L. P. Xiao, Z. G. Shi, F. Xu. Characterization of MWLs from Tamarix ramosissima isolated before and after hydrothermal treatment by spectroscopical and wet chemical methods [J]. Holzforschung, 2011,66:295-302.
L. Zhao, G. L. Cao, A. J. Wang, H. Y. Ren, D. Dong, Z. N. Liu, X. Y. Guan, C. J. Xu, N. Q. Ren. Fungal pretreatment of cornstalk with Phanerochaete chrysosporium for enhancing enzymatic saccharification and hydrogen production [J]. Bioresource Technology,2012,114:365-369.
M. Brebu, C. Vasile. Thermal degradation of lignin-a review [J]. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology,2010,44(9):353-363.
M. Cyran, C. M. Courtin, J. A. Delcour. Heterogeneity in the fine structure of alkali-extractable arabinoxylans isolated from two rye flours with high and low breadmaking quality and their coexistence with other cell wall components [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2004, 52(9):2671-2680.
M. E. Himmel, S. Y. Ding, D. K. Johnson, W. S. Adney, M. R. Nimlos, J. W. Brady, T. D. Foust. Biomass recalcitrance. Engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production [J]. Science,2007, 315:804-807.
M. Fasching, P. Schorder, R. P. Wollboldt, H. K. Weber, H. Sixta. A new and facile method for isolation of lignin from wood based on complete wood dissolution. Holzforschung,2008,62: 15-23.
M. Goicoechea, E. Lacombe, S. Legay, S. Mihaljevic, P. Rech, A. Jauneau, C. Lapierre, B. Pollet, D. Verhaegen, N. Chaubet-Gigot. EgMYB2, a new transcriptional activator from eucalyptus xylem, regulates secondary cell wall formation and lignin biosynthesis [J], Plant Journal,2005,43: 553-567.
M. Hedenstrom, S. W. Lindstrom, T. Oman, F. C. Lu, L. Gerber, P. Schatz, B. Sunberg, J. Ralph. Identification of lignin and polysaccharide modifications in populous wood by chemometric analysis of 2D NMR spectra from dissolved cell walls [J]. Molecular Plant,2009,2(5):933-942.
M. H. Studer, J. D. DeMartini, M. F. Davis, R. W. Sykes, B. Davison, M. Keller, G. A. Tuskan, C.
E. Wyman. Lignin content in natural populous variants affects sugar release [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(15):6300-6305.
M. Kacurakova, A. Ebringerova, J. Hirsch, and Z. Horomadkova. Infrared study of arabinoxylans [J]. Journal of Food Science,1994,66(3):423-427.
M. Kacurakova, P. Capek, V. Sasinkova, N. Wellner, A. Ebringerova. FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds:pectic polysaccharides andhemicelluloses [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2000,43(2):195-203. (2000).
M. Lawoko, G. Henriksson, G. Gellerstedt. New method for the quantitative preparation of lignin-carbohydrate complex from unbleached softwood kraft pulp:Lignin polysaccharide networks 1 [J]. Holzforschung,2003,57:69-74.
M. Negro. Changes in various physical/chemical parameters of Pinus pinaster wood after steam explosion pretreatment [J]. Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,25:301-308.
M. P. Vicentim, R. D. Faria, A. Ferraz. High-yield kraft pulping of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora under two different culture conditions [J]. Holzforschung,2009,63(4):408-413.
N. Brosse, P. Sannigrahi, A. Ragauskas. Pretreatment of Miscanthus x giganteus using the ethanol organosolv process for ethanol production [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2009,48:8328-8334.
N. G. Lewis, D. D. Laskar, M. Jourdes, A. M. Patten, G. L. Helms, L. B. Davin. The Arabidopsis cinnamoyl CoA reductase irx4 mutant has a delayed but coherent (normal) program of lignification [J]. Plant Journal,2006,48(5):674-686.
N. H. Bhuiyan, G. Selvaraj, Y. Wei, J. King. Role of lignifications in plant defense [J]. Plant Signal Behav,2009,4:158-159.
N. Mansouri, J. Salvado. Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives:application to lignosulfonate, kraft, soda-anthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins [J]. Industrial Crops andProducts,2006,24:8-16.
O. A. Bushneva, R. G. Ovodova, A. S. Shashkov, A. O. Chizhov, E. A. Gunter, Y. S. Ovodov. Structural studies on pectin from marsh cinquefoil Comarum palustre L. [J]. Biochemistry,2006, 71(6):644-651.
O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadnert. IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation [M]. Cambridge United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:Cambridge University Press:2011.
O. Faix. Classification of lignins from different botanical origins by FT-IR spectroscopy [J]. Holzforschung,1991,45(s1):21-27 (Supp1.).
P. Kumar, D. M. Barrett, M. J. Delwiche, P. Stroeve. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,2009,48(8):3713-3729.
P. Ligero, J. Villaverde, A. Vega, M. Bao. Delignification of eucalyptus globules saplings in two organosolv systems (formic and acetic acid) Preliminary analysis of dissolved lignins [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2008,27:110-117.
P. Sannigrahi, A. J. Ragauskas, S. J. Miller. Effects of two-stage dilute acid pretreatment on the structure and composition of lignin cellulose in loblolly pine [J]. BioEnergy Research,2008,1: 205-214.
P. Sannigrahi, D. H. Kim, S. Jung, A. J. Ragauskas. Pseudo-lignin and pretreatment chemistry [J]. Energy & Environmental Science,2011,4:1306-1310.
Q. A. Nguyen, M. P. Tucker, F. A. Keller, F. P. Eddy. Two-stage dilute-acid pretreatment of softwoods. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2000,84(6):561-576.
R. A. Hoffmann, T. Geijtenbeek, J. P. Kamerling, J. F. G. Vliegenthart.'H-NMR study of enzymatically generated wheat-endosperm arabinoxylan [J]. Carbohydrate Research,1992,223: 19-44.
R. Amirta, T. Tanabe, T. Watanabe, Y. Honda, M. Kuwahara, T. Watanabe. Methane fermentation of Japanese cedar wood pretreated with a white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora i [J]. Journal of Biotechnology,2006,123(1):71-77.
R. C. Sun, J. M. Lawther, W. B. Banks. Effects of extraction time and different alkalis on the composition of alkali-soluble wheat straw lignins [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1996,44(12):3965-3970.
R. C. Sun, J. M. Lawther, W. B. Banks. A tentative chemical structure of wheat straw [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,1997,6:1-8.
R. C. Sun, J. M. Lawther, W. B. Bank, B. Banks. Effect of extraction procedure on the molecular weight of wheat straw lignins [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,1997,6(2):97-106.
R. C. Sun, B. Xiao, J. M. Fang, A. Goodwin, J. M. Lawther. Comparatvie and structural characterization of organosolv and alkali lignins from abaca fiber. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization,1998,4:517-530.
R. C. Sun, B. Xiao, J. M. Lawther. Fractional and structural characterization of ball-milled and enzyme lignins from wheat straw[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1998,68:1633-1641.
R. C. Sun, L. Mott, J. Bolton. Isolation and fractional characterization of ball-milled and enzyme lignins from oil palm trunk[J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,1998,46:718-723.
R. C. Sun, G. L. Jones, J. Tomkinson, J. Bolton. Fractional isolation and partial characterization of non-starch polysaccharides and lignin from sago pith [J].1999,9(3):211-220.
R. C. Sun, S. Hughes. Fractional isolation and physicchemical characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides form sugar beet pulp [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,1999,38(3):273-281.
R. C. Sun, J. Tomkinson, P. L. Ma, S. F. Liang. Comparative study of hemicelluloses from rice straw by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2000,42:111-122.
R. C. Sun, J. Tomkinson, F. C. Mao, et al. Physicochemical characterization of lignins from rice straw by hydrogen peroxide treatment[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2001,79:719-732.
R. C. Sun, Q. Lu, X. F. Sun. Physico-chemical and thermal characterization of lignins from Caligonum monogoliacum and Tamarix sp [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2001,72,229-238.
R. C. Sun, X. F. Sun, S. Q. Wang. Ester and ether linkages between hydroxycinnamic acids and lignins from wheat, rice, rye, and barley straws, maize stems, and fast-growing poplar wood[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2002,15:179-188.
R. C. Sun, X. F. Sun. Fractional and structural characterization of wheat straw hemicelluloses [J]. Crabohydrate Polymers,2002,49,415-423.
R. C. Sun, X. Y. Sun, X. F. Sun, J. X. Sun. Physicochemical and thermal characterisation of residual hemicelluloses isolated by TAED activated peroxide from ultrasonic irradiated and alkali organosolv pre-treated wheat straw [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2002,78(2):295-303.
R. C. Sun, J. Tomkinson. Characterization of hemicelluloses isolated with tetra-acetylethylenediamine activated peroxide from ultrasound irradiated and alkali pre-ttreated wheat straw [J]. European Polymer Journal,2003,39(4):751-759.
R. F. Patterson, K. A. West, E. L. Lovell, W. L. Hawkins, H. Hibbert. Studies on lignin related compounds. Ⅱ. The solvent fractionation of maple ethanol lignin [J]. Journal of American Chemistry Society,1941,63,2065-2070.
Rio J. C., Prinsen P., Rencoret J., et al. Structural characterization of the lignin in the cortex and pith of elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum) stem [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2012,60:3619-3634.
Rio J. C., Rencoret J., Prinsen P., et al. Structural characterization of wheat straw lignin as revealed by analytical pyrolysis,2D-NMR, and Reductive Cleavage Methods[J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2012,60:5922-5935.
R. Kondo, T. Sako, T. Limori. Formation of glycosidic lignincarbohydrate complex in the enzymatic dehydrogenative polymerization of coniferyl alcohol [J]. Mokuzai Gakkaishi,1990, 36(4):332-338.
R. K. Sharma, D. S. Arora. Changes in biochemical constituents of paddy straw during degradation by white rot fungi and its impact on in vitro digestibility [J]. Journal of Microbiology, 2010a,109(2),679-686.
R. K. Sharma, D. S. Arora. Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and enhancement of in vitro digestibility during solid state fermentation of wheat straw by Phlebiafloridensis, [J]. Bioresource Technology,2010b,101(23),9248-9253.
R. L. Huang, R. X. Su, W. Qi, Z. M. He. Bioconversion of lignocellulose into bioethanol:Process intensification and mechanism research [J]. Bioenergy Research,2011,4(4):225-245.
Ralgh J., Lundquist K., Brunow G., et al. Lignins:Natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hydroxyphenyl propanoids[J]. Phytochemistry Reviews,2004,3:29-60.
Rencoret J., Marques G., Gutierrez A.. HSQC-NMR analysis of lignin in woody(Eucalyptus globules and Picea abies) and non-woody(Agave sisalana) ball-milled plant materials at the gel state[J]. Holzforschung,2009,63:691-698.
R. D. Hatifield, J. M. Marita and K. Frost, J. Grabber, J. Ralph, F. C. Lu, H. Kim. Grass lignin acylation:p-coumaroyl transferase activity and cell wall characteristics of C3 and C4 grasses [J]. Planta,2009,229(6):1253-1267.
R. El Hage, N. Brosse, P. Sannigrahi, A. Ragauskas. Effects of process severity on the chemical structure of Miscanthus ethanol organosolv lignin [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2010,95: 997-1003.
R. Erckel, R. Franz, R. Woernler. Process for hydrolyzing cellulose-containing material with gaseous hydrogen fluoride [P]. US 4589924,1986-05-20.
R. Part, O. Korsachia, R. Suttinger. Pulp, in Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Weinheim:Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,2012,476-539.
R. S. Fukushima, R. D. Hatifield. Extraction and isolation of lignin for utilization as a standard to determine lignin concentration using the acetyl bromide spectrophotometric method [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2001,49:3133-3139.
R. Thring, M. Vanderlaan, S. Griffin. Fractionation of Alcell lignin by sequential solvent extraction [J]. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology,1996,16(2):139-154.
S. Andersson-Gunneras, E. J. Mellerowicz, J. Love, B. Segerman, Y. Ohmiya, P. M. Coutinho, P. Nilsson, B. Henrissat, T. Moritz, B. Sundberg. Biosynthesis of cellulose-enriched tension wood in Populus:global analysis of transcripts and metabolites identifies biochemical and developmental regulators in secondary wall biosynthesis [J]. Plant Journal,2006,45:144-165.
S. Braaten, B. Christensen, G. Fredheim. Comparison of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates [J]. Journal of Wood Science and Technology,2003,23(2):197-215.
S. Galkin, E. Ammalahti, I. Kilpelainen, G. Brunow, A. Hatakka. Characterisation of milled wood lignin from reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) [J]. Holzforchung,1997,51(2):130-134.
S. Gupta, R. N. Madan, M. C. Bansal. Chemical-composition of pinuscaribaea hemicelluloses [J]. Tappi Journal,1987,70:113-114.
S. G. Zavarukhin, I. A. Strel'tsov, V. A. Yakovlev. Pyrolysis of rapidly growing grass biomass under isothermal conditions [J]. Kinetics and Catalysis,2011,52(4):510-516.
S. J. Liu, H. F. Lu, R. F. Hu, A. Shupe, L. Lin, B. Liang. A sustainable woody biomass biorefinery [J]. Biotechnology Advances,2012,30(4):785-810.
S. J. Moon, I. Y. Eom, J. Y. Kim, T. S. Kim, S. M. Lee, I. G. Choi, J. W. Choi. Characterization of lignin-rich residues remaining after continuous super-critical water hydrolysis of poplar wood (Populus albaglandulosa) for conversion to fermentable sugars [J]. Bioresource Technology,2011, 102(10):5912-5916.
S. Jung, M. Foston, M. C. Sullards, A. J. Ragauskas. Surface characterization of dilute acid pretreated populous deltoids by ToF-SIMS [J]. Energy & Fuels,2010,24:1347-1357.
S. Svensson. Minimizing the sulphur content in Kraft lignin. Stcokholm:STFI-Packforsk,2008. S. Wu, D. Agrypopoulos. An improved method for isolating lignin in high yield and purity [J]. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science,2003,29:235-240.
T. D. H. Bugg, M. Ahmad, E. M. Hardiman, R. Rahmanpour, Pathways for degradation of lignin in bacteria and fungi [J]. Natural Products Report,2011,28(12):1883-1896.
T. Eggeman, R. T. Elander. Process and economic analysis of pretreatment technologies [J]. Bioresource Technology,2005,96(18):2019-2025.
T. E. Timell. The chemical compostion of tension wood.Svensk Papperstidning,1969,72: 173-181.
T. E. Timell. Compression wood in gymnosperms. Vol 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1986.
T. H. Kim, Y. Y. Lee. Fractionation of corn stover by hot water and aqueous ammonia treatment[J]. Bioresources and Technology,2004,97:224-232.
T. Juhast, Z. Szengyel, K. Reczey. Characterization of cellulases and hemicellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei on various carbon sources[J]. Process Biochemistry,2005,40:3519-3525.
T. K. Hakala, P. Maijala, J. Konn, A. Hatakka. Evaluation of novel wood-rotting polypores and corticioid fungi for the decay and biopulping of Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood [J]. Enzyme, and Microbial Technology,2004,34(3-4):255-263.
T. K. Hakala, T. Lundell, S. Galkin, P. Maijala, N. Kalkkinen, A. Hatakka. Manganese peroxidases, laccases and oxalic acid from the selective white-rot fungus Physisporinus rivulosus grown on spruce wood chips [J]. Enzyme Microbial Technology,2005,36(4):461-468.
T. Ikeda, K. Holtman, J. Kadla, H. Chang, H. Studies on the effect of ball milling on lignin structure using a modified DFRC method[J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2002,50: 129-135.
T. Q. Yuan, S. N. Sun, F. Xu, R. C. Sun. Characterization of lignin structures and LCC linkages by quantitative 13C and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 2011,59:10604-10614.
T. Q. Yuan, F. Xu, R. C. Sun. Role of lignin in a biorefinery:separation characterization and valorization[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2013,88:346-352.
T. Watanabe, T. Koshijima. Evidence for an ester linkage between lignin and glucuronic acid in lignin-carbohydrate complexes by DDQ-oxidation [J]. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 1988,52:2953-2955.
W. Boerjan, J. Ralph, M. Baucher. Lignin biosynthesis [J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology,2003, 54:519-546.
W. Fry, J. B. White. Big trees [M]. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA,1938.
W. Q. Du, H. B. Yu, L. L. Song, J. Zhang, C. L. Weng, F. Y. Ma, X. Y. Zhang. The promoting effect of byproducts from Irpex lacteus on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of bio-pretreated cornstalks [J]. Biotechnology for Biofuels,2011,4:37 (8 pp.).
W. Widmer, W. Y. Zhou, K. Grohmann. Pretreatment effects on orange processing waste for making ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010,101:5242-5249.
X. C. Lei, Y. Zhao, K. C. Li, A. Pelletier. Improved surface properties of CTMP fibers with enzymatic pretreatment of wood chips prior to refining [J]. Cellulose,2012,19(6):2205-2215.
X. F. Sun, F. Xu, R. C. Sun. Characteristics of degraded lignins obtained from steam exploded wheat straw [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,86(2):245-256.
X. F. Sun, F. Xu, R. C. Sun, Z. C. Geng, P. Fowler, M. S. Baird. Characteristics of degraded hemicellulosic polymers obtained from steam exploded wheat straw [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2005,60(1):15-26.
X. F. Sun, R. C. Sun, P. Fowler, M. S. Baid. Extraction and characterization of original lignin and hemicelluloses from wheat straw [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(3): 860-870.
X. Pan, C. Arato, N. Gilkes, D. Gregg, W. Mabee, K. Pye, Z. Xiao, X. Zhang, J. Saddler. Biorefining of softwoods using ethanol organosolv pulping:preliminary evaluation of progress streams for manufacture of fuel-grade ethanol and co-products [J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2005,90:473-481.
X. Pan, D. Xie, R. W. Yu, D. Lam, J. N. Saddler. Pretreatment of logdepole pine killed by mountain pine beetle using the ethanol organosolv process:fractionation and process optimization. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,2007,46:2609-2617.
X. Pan, D. Xie, R. W. Yu, J. N. Saddler. The bioconversion of mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine to fuel ethanol using the organosolv process [J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2008,101:39-48.
X. W. Peng, J. L. Ren, L. X. Zhong, et al. Xylan-rich hemicelluloses-graft-acrylic acid ionic hydrogels with rapid responses to pH, salt and organic solvents[J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2011,59:8208-8215.
X. Yang, F. Ma, Y. Zeng, H. Yu, C. Xu, X. Zhang. Structure alteration of lignin in corn stover degraded by white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus CD2 [J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,2010,64(2):119-123.
Y. C. Sun, J. L. Wen, F. Xu, R. C. Sun. Fractional and structural characterization of organosolv and alkaline lignins from Tamarix austromogoliac [J]. Scientific Research and Essays,2010,5(24): 3850-3864.
Y. Ge, Y. F. Duan, G. Z. Fang, Y. Zhang, S. Wang. Polysaccharides from fruit calyx of physalis alkekengi var.francheti:Isolation, purification, structural features and antioxidant activities [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2009,77(2):188-193.
Y. Kim, A. Yu, M. Han, G. Choi, B. Chung. Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of barley straw pretreated by ethanolsolv technology [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2011,163: 142-152.
Y. Pu, D. Zhang, P. M. Singh, A. J. Ragauskas. The new forestry biofuels sector [J]. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr,2007,2(1):58-73.
Y. Sun, J. Y. Cheng. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production:a review [J]. Bioresource Technology,2002,83(1):1-11.
Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, J. Zhu, A. J. Ragauskas, Y Deng. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of spruce by alkaline pretreatment at low temperature [J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2008,99(6), 1320-1328.
Y. Zheng, Z. Pan, R. Zhang. Overvie of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production [J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2009,2 (3):51-68.
Z. C. Geng, R. C. Sun, X. F. Sun, Q. Lu. Comparative study of hemicelluloses released during two-stage treatments with acidic organosolv and alkaline peroxide from Caligonum monogoliacum and Tamarix spp. [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability,2003,80,315-325.
Z. C. Geng, J. X. Sun, S. F. Liang. Characterization of water-and alkali-soluble hemicellulosic polymers from sugarcane bagasse[J]. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization,2006,11:209-226.
Z. F. Jin, K. S. Katsumata, T. T. Lam. Covalent linkages between cellulose and lignin in cell walls of coniferous and nonconiferous woods [J]. Biopolymers,2006,83(2):103-110.
Z. J. Hu, T. F. Yeh, H. M. Chang. Elucidation of the structure of cellulolytic enzyme lignin[J]. Holzforschung,2006,60,389-397.
范瑞红,倪柏春,栾拓栾,连航,庞景荣,张巍,李志新,吴淑霞.伊春市乌拉草资源研究现状及开发利用对策[J].中国林副特产,2010,1(104)：101-103.
刘冉,韩卿.现代仪器分析技术在植物纤维原料化学分析中的应用[J].黑龙江造纸,2010,2：35-38.
康素敏,周金池.核磁共振波谱在木质素结构中的最新应用[J].中国造纸,2012,31(10)：58-62.
邬义明,植物纤维化学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,1991：15-36.
许凤,钟新春,孙润仓,詹怀宇.秸秆中半纤维素的结构及分离新方法综述[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25：179-182.
颜季琼.高等植物细胞壁的结构与功能二[J].生物学通报,1999,34(2)：8-10.
杨淑蕙.植物纤维化学(第三版)[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2000.
于丽红,唐淑娟.特种植物纤维的开发及应用[J].山东纺织科技,2005,6：54-56.
张爱萍,刘传富,孙润仓.光谱技术在木质素结构分析中的应用[J].中国造纸学报,2007,3：97-101.
张文龙.基于边际土地利用的能源安全策略-以中国能源植物种植为例[J].可再生能源,2010,28(6)：112-115.
中野凖三著,高洁译.木质素化学(基础与应用)[M].轻工业出版社,1980：53.