摘要
区域经济发展不平衡是每个国家在经济发展过程中存在的客观事实。根据区域经济不平衡发展理论,区域经济发展的地域演化过程是通过极化和扩散机制交替作用,从“点”到“轴”,再由“轴”到“面”逐步展开,最后达到区域经济相对均衡发展,此中的“点”即增长极。增长极理论的实质就是强调区域经济的不平衡发展,把有限的稀缺资源集中投入到发展潜力大、规模经济和投资效益明显的少数部门和地区,使增长极的经济实力强化,同周围地区形成一个势差,并通过市场经济机制的传导媒介力量引导整个区域经济的发展。
增长极带动区域经济的发展是通过极化和扩散效应的双重机制来实现的,但是在不同经济体制、不同发展水平的区域中,实施增长极战略的效果是不同的。特别是在欠发达地区,市场经济不发达,市场机制不健全,产业间缺乏联系,区域间的经济保护壁垒较多,增长极的极化与扩散效应受到了极大的限制,空间作用力的范围和强度都变小。因此在欠发达地区,要建立不同层次的增长极,这种增长极并不是单一的,是有大小和层次的,增长极可以是大城市,也可以是星星点点散布于全国各地的中小城市或县城。
在多层次增长极的极化与扩散过程中,金融资源也表现出与其他生产要素相同的时空运行机制,表现为一定规模和密集程度的货币资金、金融产品和工具、金融机构、制度、法规、政策、文化在一定地域空间协调、配置、组合的时空动态变化的现象和状态。在增长极极化效应时,由于增长极边际生产率和边际利润率的提高,金融资源会向增长极聚集,对增长极提供金融支撑。
增长极具有层次性,不同层次和规模的增长极在建立和发展的过程中,对金融的需求是不同的。不同层次和规模增长极的基本经济状况决定和支配着金融资源的供求及其平衡。不同层次增长极经济主体的需求和行为选择直接决定了区域金融不同的金融供给模式。而区域金融发展的模式选择也要服从不同层次增长极经济发展的现实需要。区域金融主体在适应不同的增长极经济发展的前提下,在各自经济利益的诱导下,驱使自发的调整业务结构、规模结构、有效实现金融创新,降低金融风险,增强金融功能,提高金融资源配置效率,从而实现区域金融结构优化和区域金融发展。区域金融结构的优化有利于各层次增长极优势产业的发展和多层次增长极互补性产业体系的形成,有利于各增长极的产业结构调整和产业结构升级,有利于扶持“弱势金融群体”,弱化二元经济结构。
我国的区域金融结构在改革开放之前具有行政均衡性的特点,随着社会主义体制改革的建设和不断完善,我国的区域金融结构呈现出新的变化特点,主要表现为由行政均衡性的区域金融布局向市场非均衡性的区域金融布局转变,金融机构、金融市场、金融方式、金融行为、金融交易等空间配置,不再按照行政区划均衡分布,而是按市场经济运行的规律和区域经济发展的水平、阶段和层次进行优化配置,但是现有的区域金融结构特点却表现为区域金融结构明显失衡,主要表现为不同等级规模的增长极具有不同的金融结构特征,不同经济发展水平的东中西部地区具有不同的金融结构特征。优化我国区域金融结构并不存在一个绝对的优化标准,关键在于是否能够充分发挥其功能,体现其效率,能够促进区域经济发展的现实需要。针对我国区域金融结构的现实特点和存在问题,本文提出优化区域金融结构的总体思路:要根据不同层次增长极经济发展的现实需要,优化和调整其金融结构。我国区域金融结构优化的实现途径为:宏观金融结构的优化、多层次增长极的金融结构优化和不同经济发展水平区域的多层次增长极的金融结构优化。这三个部分并不是割裂开的,而是紧密联系的。宏观金融结构的优化从整体上影响和决定了区域金融结构的优化,而第二部分是提供了从多层次增长极的角度来优化区域金融结构的总体思路和一般路径,具体的运用还要根据中国不同区域经济发展水平和阶段的实际情况来区别对待。
Imbalance of regional economic development is an objective fact during the courses of economic development in every country. Based on the theory of imbalance of economic development, the courses of geographical evolution in regional economic development is from pole to axis, then from axis to plane, through the alternating acting of polarizing and diffusing, finally to the relative balance of regional economic development. In this course, pole refers to growth pole. Actually, theory of growth pole focuses on the imbalance of regional economic development, concentrating limited scarce resources on several departments and regions which have high potential of development, effect of economies of scale and obvious returns of investment, to make differences from the area around, and to promote economic development of the whole region, due to conducting strength of market economic mechanism.
Regional economic development is driven by the dual mechanisms of polarized and trickling-down effects of growth pole, but in the different economic system and different regions, the effect of growth pole is different. Especially in the less developed regions, because market economy is not developed, the market mechanism is not sound, industries lack relation, economic protection barrier between regions are many, the polarized effect and trickling-down effects of growth pole are restricted and the scope and intensity of spatial action all change small. Therefore in less developed regions, multi-level growth poles should be established. This growth pole is not a single, and it has size and level. Growth poles can be large cities, and can also be small cities or counties scattered around the country.
In the multi-level growth pole’s polarizing and diffusing process, the financial resources also display the same spatial and temporal operational mechanism with other elements of production. It displays for the spatial and temporal dynamic phenomenon and condition that monetary funds, financial products and tools, financial institutions, financial system, financial laws and regulations, policies, cultures of certain scale and density coordinate, collocate and assembled in certain region. When polarized effect occurs, marginal productivity and marginal profit in the growth pole enhance, and the financial resources will gather extremely to the growth pole, and provide financial supports to the growth pole.
The growth pole has the hierarchy, and the different level and scale’s growth poles have different demand to the finance in the process of establishing and developing. The economic conditions of different level and scale’s growth poles have decided the supply and demand of financial resources. The demand and behavior of economic subject in different level and scale’s growth poles have directly decided different finance supplies pattern of regional finance. And the regional financial development pattern also must obey the economic realistic need of different growth poles. Under the economic adaptability and the profit inductivity of different growth poles, the regional financial institution should adjust their service structure and scale structure spontaneously, carry on the financial innovation effectively, reduce the financial risk, enhance finance function and the disposition efficiency of financial resources, and thus realize the regional financial structure optimization and the regional financial development. The structure optimization of regional finance is advantageous to the development of superiority industry and the formation of complementarity’s industry system in the multi-level growth poles, is advantageous to industrial structure’s adjustment and structure upgrade, and is advantageous to supporting“weak finance community”and weakening dual economic structure.
Our country's regional financial structure has the characteristic of administrative balance before reform and open. Along with the socialism organizational reform consummates unceasingly, our country's regional financial structure presents the new characteristic. The main performance displays the transform of regional financial layout from the administrative balance to the market imbalance, and the spatial disposition of financial institution, market, mode, action, and deals are not administrative balanced but market in-balance,according to the market economic rule and regional development level. But the existing characteristic of regional financial structure displays actually for the regional financial structure obviously unbalancing, therefore we must carry on the structure optimization to our country's regional finance. Structure optimization of regional finance has not an absolute optimized standard; the key lies in whether can display its function fully, manifests its efficiency, and can promote the regional economic development. In view of realistic characteristic and existence questions of regional financial structure in China, this article proposes the overall mentality of optimizing regional financial structure: must optimize and adjust financial structure, according to economic development of different level’s growth poles. Our country’s optimization way of regional financial structure is divided into three part:optimizing macroscopic structure of regional financial structure, optimizing multi-level growth poles’financial structure of certain regions, and optimizing multi-level growth poles’financial structure of different economic development regions. These three parts are not separate, but close. The optimization of macroscopic financial structure affect and decide the optimization of regional financial structure overall, the second part provides the overall mentality and general way of optimizing regional financial structure from the multi-level growth poles, and the utilization also must distinguish according to the different regions’economic development in China.
引文
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