摘要
复合热泡沫驱油技术是燃烧柴油产生高温烟道气,与含发泡剂的水溶液混合,形成复合热泡沫体系进行驱油,以提高原油采收率的技术。该体系具有泡沫驱油和热力采油的优点,同时又具有一定的二氧化碳驱油和氮气驱油的作用,是一种新的三次采油方法。
一、对国内外泡沫驱油技术发展状况进行系统调研,论述了复合热泡沫的驱油机理。
二、用气流法对多种表面活性剂进行热烟道气发泡性能实验,用泡沫综合指数方法进行性能评价,优选出一种能够耐高温的发泡剂HY-3,研究气液比、发泡剂浓度、水质矿化度、稳泡剂、压力、温度等因素对复合热泡沫体系性能的影响,对发泡剂在多孔介质中的吸附滞留量进行了测定。
三、用热烟道气为泡沫气体,HY-3表面活性剂为发泡剂,模拟实际地层温度和压力条件,利用高压热泡沫装置进行复合热泡沫高压渗流实验,研究岩心渗透率、气液比、岩心非均质性以及注入速度等因素对复合热泡沫在多孔介质中的渗流能力影响。
四、在高压条件下,选择聚合物和羧甲基纤维素钠作为稳泡剂,进行复合热泡沫体系驱油效果室内实验研究,研究了泡沫段塞大小及组合方式、注入速度、岩心渗透率、温度等因素对复合热泡沫体系驱油效果的影响。
五、进行数值模拟技术评价,根据油田实际注采井组,建立数学模型和地质模型,进行了井组的含水和采出程度等历史拟合,优化复合热泡沫体系驱油方案。
研究表明：表面活性剂HY-3是一种效果较好的发泡剂,具有较强的发泡性能和耐高温能力。渗流实验表明,岩心渗透率越高,阻力系数越大,泡沫封堵效果越好；在平均渗透率相近情况下,非均质岩心注入泡沫后的封堵效果明显好于均质岩心；随气液比增大,泡沫渗流阻力亦增大,气液比达到1：1时,可形成稳定的泡沫,气液比太大就出现气窜；注入速度越高,形成泡沫强度越大,泡沫封堵能力越好。
复合热泡沫体系具有较好的驱油效果,而且随着泡沫段塞和渗透率的增加,驱替压差和泡沫驱采收率随之增加；而注入速度对复合热泡沫驱采收率的影响不大,注入速度从0.35mL/min增加到1.00mL/min,泡沫驱采收率仅增加了1.7%。聚驱后复合热泡沫驱提高采收率的幅度随温度的提高而增加,油层温度为70℃时,复合热泡沫的采收率达到11.39%；油层温度为90℃时,复合热泡沫的采收率达到12.84%；120℃时,聚驱后复合热泡沫的采收率达到16.29%。三管并联分流实验结果表明,注入泡沫后,中、低渗岩心驱油效果和分流效果得到了明显的改善,说明复合热泡沫体系具有较好的调剖作用。
因此,研究表明在聚合物驱后复合热泡沫驱是一种三次采油新技术,可以有效提高石油采收率。
According to the principle of rocket's engine, the technology of Composite hot foam flooding is proposed. It is that combustion of diesel oil in the combustion chamber produces high temperature and high pressure flue gas, which mixes with the aqueous solution of foaming agent to form Composite hot foam flooding system in order to enhance oil recovery. The system has not only the advantage of foam flooding and thermal flooding, but also playing some roles of carbon dioxide and nitrogen flooding. Therefore, it is a new method of tertiary recovery.
Firstly, this paper investigated into foam flooding technical development at home and abroad and analyzed the Composite hot foam flooding mechanism.
Secondly, using hot flue gas as foaming gas, the foamability of a variety of surfactant was tested through air current method. Using foam composite index, the foamability was evaluated. Consequently, foaming agent HY-3 which has high temperature resistant was selected. At the same time, gas-liquid ratio, concentration of foaming agent, water salinity, foam stabilizer, pressure, temperature and other factors were researched how to effect system properties, and adsorption of foaming agent in porous media was measured.
Thirdly, hot flue gas was chosen as foaming gas and surfactant HY-3 was chosen as foaming agent. Through simulating the actual formation temperature and pressure conditions, using high pressure thermal foam displacement devices, high pressure Composite hot foam seepage experiments were performed in order to study the effect of core permeability, gas-liquid ratio, heterogeneity and injection rate on seepage capacity of the Composite hot foam in porous media.
Fourthly, under the high-pressure conditions, polymer and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were chosen as foam stabilizer and Composite hot foam flooding experiments were carried out. In the experiments, size and composition of foam slug, injection rate, core permeability, temperature and other factors how to affect the Composite hot foam system displacement effect was studied.
Finally, numerical simulation was carried out. In accordance with the actual injection-production well groups, mathematical model and geological model were established. And then using the model, history matching of water cut and degree of reserve recovery were also performed for the purpose of optimization of the Composite hot foam flooding program.
The research shows that the surfactant HY-3 has better foaming effects, which has strong foaming performance and high temperature resistance. Seepage flow experiments show that the higher permeability is, the bigger resistance coefficient is, and the better sealing characteristic of foam is. Under the same permeability, sealing characteristic of foam in heterogeneous cores is better than that in homogeneous cores. And the greater gas-liquid ratio is, the bigger foam flow resistance is. When gas-liquid ratio reaches 1:1, stable foam can be formed. Furthermore, the higher injection rate is, the stronger foam is, and the better sealing characteristic of foam is.
Composite hot foam system has good flooding effect, and along with the foam slug and core permeability increasing, displacement differential pressure and foam flooding recovery increases; injection rate has little effect on the Composite hot foam flooding recovery. When injection rate increases from 0.35mL/min to 1.00mL/min, foam flooding recovery increased by only 1.7%. After polymer flooding, Composite hot foam flooding recovery increased with the temperature increasing. When reservoir temperature is 70℃, Composite hot foam recovery reaches 11.39%; when reservoir temperature is 90℃, Composite hot foam recovery reaches 12.84%; in the temperature of 120℃,Composite hot foam recovery reaches 16.29% after the polymer flooding. Three-tube parallel experimental results show that after foam was injected, flooding and diversion effect has been improved obviously in medium and low-permeability cores, which indicates that Composite hot foam system plays a good role of profile control.
Therefore, the research indicated that the Composite hot foam flooding was a new tertiary recovery technology, which could increase oil recovery effectively after polymer flooding.
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