摘要
非法证据排除规则是证据法学中一个非常重要的研究课题。它起源于美国,由于其内在的优良品质和独立的外在价值,逐渐被其他国家和联合国所采纳。在我国,刑事非法证据的采信问题一直是困扰立法机关、司法机关和证据法学界的难点难题。正视非法证据排除规则的价值,构建我国的非法证据排除规则已是当务之急。
中国的刑事诉讼法对刑事非法证据排除规则的规定不明确,比较原则,对非法取得的实物证据是否可以采信,我国的法律至今没有规定。刑事非法证据排除规则没有与其他证据规则配套,没有形成内在逻辑联系、层次分明的、系统的非法证据排除规则体系。另外,非法证据排除规则在理论界争论较大,尚未形成统一的认识。在实践中也面临着许多困难。
非法证据排除规则得以产生和存活需要相应的政治体制和诉讼制度作为依托。同时,各国法律文化、法律观念、犯罪形势也对非法证据排除规则有着很大的影响。构建中国的非法证据排除规则必须充分考虑中国的特殊国情,而不能进行简单法律移植。
作为被世界各国普遍采用的一项证据规则,非法证据排除规则着独特的价值。构建中国非法证据排除规则的价值可以从两个不同视角加以分析:一是规则的共性价值,即非法证据排除规则的内在价值和外在价值;二是中国现阶段构建非法证据排除规则的独有价值。
在中国的目前情况下,构建具有中国特色的非法证据排除规则比较合适的模式是对于非法取得的言词证据,实行自动排除。对于非法取得的实物证据,实行裁量排除。同时对非法证据排除的程序、证明责任的分担、证明标准等问题作了具体设想。审查起诉程序中检察官应主动排除非法证据,审判程序中应设立一个独立的审前程序对非法证据进行排除。证明责任由控诉方和被告人共同举证,证明标准不应当过高,采用较大的优势证据标准即可。
The rule of the illegal evidence exclusion is a very important research topic in evidence law. It origins from US, as a result of its good quality and the external value, gradually accepted by other countries and the United Nations. In our country, the question of admissibility of the criminal illegal evidence always puzzles the legislature, the judicial organ and circles of the evidence legal science. Facing up to the value the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion and constructing the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion of our country is the urgent matter.
Criminal procedure law of China doesn’t stipulate clearly about the criminal rule of the illegal evidence exclusion. Our country law doesn’t stipulate now about whether material evidences which illegal obtains can be admissible. The criminal rule of the illegal evidence exclusion doesn’t match with other evidence rules. It has not formed the system of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion with the intrinsic logical relation, clear level. Moreover, the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion has a big argument, doesn’t form united understanding yet. Also has many difficulties in the practice
Producing and surviving of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion need the corresponding political system and the lawsuit system. At the same time, the various countries' law culture and the crime situation also have the very tremendous influence for the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion. Constructing the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion of China must consider fully the special national condition of China. But we cannot carry on the simple legal transplant.
As an evidence rule used by the various countries, the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion has a unique value. The lawsuit value of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion can be divided into two basic sides: One is the general character value, namely the intrinsic value and external value of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion; the other is unique value of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion at Chinese present stage.
In China's present situation, this article thought an appropriate pattern of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion with Chinese characteristic is that remark evidences which illegal obtains should be removed automatically and material evidences which illegal obtains should be discretion removed. Meanwhile for the procedure, the share of certificate responsibility and proof standard of the rule of the illegal evidence exclusion, this article also has made concrete tentative plan. The prosecutor should exclude illegal evidence initiatively in the procedure of review and prosecution. There should be a independent procedure before review for excluding the illegal evidence. The burden of proof should be undertaken by accusing party in principle, the standard of proof shouldn’t too high, and adopting more advantageous standard of poof is good.
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