摘要
渔业尤其是淡水渔业是我国农业的重要组成部分,是农民增收的基础产业之一。虽然湖北省是名副其实的水产大省,但并非水产强省。在湖北省淡水渔业快速发展的同时也存在着渔业经济效益落后,名优水产增养殖发展速度缓慢,渔业结构急需调整等竞争劣势。那么,湖北省淡水渔业发展的影响因素到底有哪些?这些影响因素对湖北省淡水渔业发展到底产生多大的影响?在当前竞争激烈的市场经济条件下,湖北省淡水渔业能否继续保持良好的发展势头?这些不仅关系到湖北省淡水渔业的经济效益,也关系到湖北省农业和农村的经济发展。
本文在深入分析湖北省渔业资源情况、淡水渔业在该省的经济地位的基础上,研究了淡水渔业生产、加工、流通等环节的特点,对该省的淡水渔业发展及其影响因素进行了实证研究,建立C-D生产函数模型分析影响渔业发展的主要因素,找出了淡水渔业发展面临的9个主要问题,既包括政策支持方面的问题,又包括加工运输企业和农民等方面的问题,最后针对这些问题提出了加快湖北省淡水渔业发展的相关对策建议。
本文以产业链相关理论分析为基础,通过统计分析和计量分析相结合的实证研究方法。采用方差分析,对历年大宗淡水鱼产量、名特新优鱼类、虾蟹类进行分析；采用统计分析法,对湖北省历年渔业产值、渔业人口、渔民人均收入进行分析；采用灰色系统,对水产养殖面积进行预测；采用方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析,对湖北省渔业重点(县)市进行分析；采用建立C-D生产函数的计量方法,对湖北省淡水渔业发展影响因素进行实证分析。
本研究的主要结论如下：
湖北省淡水渔业在其国民经济和农民收入中占有较大的比重。2003年以来,水产业收入在农民收入中的增幅连续五年居“大农业”的第一位,渔业增长幅度是第一产业纯收入平均增长幅度的3倍。养殖品种从以前以“四大家鱼”为主发展到现在包括多种名特新优品种在内的40多个品种。四大家鱼以外的鱼种产量所占比重达75%。淡水渔业内部结构上,渔业第一产业发展较快,所占比重大,但有下降的趋势,渔业第二、三产业比重虽然不高,但最近几年发展迅猛,比重不断提高。
湖北省已成为全国淡水产品加工第一大省,淡水鱼产业链条不断延伸。全省水产品加工企业越来越多,加工能力越来越大,加工品种也越来越多,同时水产品流向越来越广,流通渠道越来越顺畅,淡水产品加工出口多年位居全国第一。水产合作经济组织发展迅速,技术支持越来越强,水产品质量安全监管体制也日渐完善。
本文选取影响湖北省淡水渔业发展的主要投入要素指标,建立C-D生产函数模型,计算出淡水养殖面积、资本和劳动力的弹性系数分别为：0.632442、0.022279、0.472997,系数之和大于1,说明湖北省淡水渔业的规模报酬是递增的。各要素贡献率排序：渔业劳动力贡献最大,第二位是资本,第三位是淡水养殖面积,说明湖北省淡水渔业属于劳动密集型产业。
当前湖北省淡水渔业发展仍然面临以下多方面的问题：基础设施落后,鱼种品质下降,由于水域污染加重、各类鱼病日渐增多、渔民的养殖技术不高等原因造成养殖风险加大,水产品加工水平和运输手段落后,渔民专业合作组织发育慢,贷款难限制了各个主体做大做强,水产品质量隐患多,相关的法律措施不健全等。这些问题困扰着湖北省淡水渔业的深入发展。
通过前文的分析,得出本文的研究结论,进一步推进湖北省淡水渔业发展应从以下几个方面入手：加大投入大力改善渔业基础设施,完善水产良种育种体系,构建全面的技术体系,提高渔民的技术水平,大力发展渔业保险,加大对加工企业支持力度,鼓励应用现代化的运输设备,加快扶持渔业专业合作组织,提高水产品的质量,进一步完善相关法律的配套措施。多种措施相互配合,多管齐下,才能促进淡水渔业健康发展。
Fishery particularly freshwater fishery is important components of China's agriculture, and is one of the basic industries to increase peasant incomes. Hubei is a province with abundant fishery resources, but its fisheries economy is not strong. Along with the rapid development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei province, there are many competitive disadvantages, such as deficiency in fisheries economic performance, the slow pace of development of famous aquatic breeding, urgent needs to adjust the structure of fishing,etc. So, what are the impact factors and how much impact in the development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei Province? In the current competitive market economy conditions, can Hubei's freshwater fisheries continue to maintain a good momentum of development? These are not only related to the economic benefits of freshwater fisheries, but also agriculture and rural economic development in Hubei Province.
Based on in-depth analysis of fisheries resources and its economic status in Hubei Province, this paper studied the characteristics of freshwater fisheries in the production, processing, distribution and other links, empirical studied of the effect factors in the development of freshwater fisheries, established CD production function model to analyze, identified nine key issues including the problems both in policy support and the processing, transport enterprises and farmers, etc, and in the final concluded with the relevant countermeasures and proposals to speed up the development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei Province.
This paper based on industrial chain-related theory analysis, and adopted the empirical research methods of combining statistical analysis with econometric analysis. Using variance analysis, it analyzed freshwater fish production, Montrose new and fine fish, shrimps and crabs in the bulk of the calendar year; using statistical analysis, it analyzed fishery production value, fishing population, per capita income of fishermen over the years in Hubei Province; using gray system, it forecasted aquaculture area; using variance analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, it analyzed the focus of Hubei Province Fisheries city(county); using CD production function method, it analyzed the effect factors in the development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei Province.
The main content of this study and conclusions are as follows:
Freshwater fisheries accounted for a large proportion of Hubei's national economy and farmers'income. Since 2003, Aquaculture revenue growth in farm income ranked the first one for five consecutive years in "big agriculture", and Fisheries growth rate was 3 times of the primary industry net income's average growth rate. Aquaculture species developed from the previous mainly "four people fish" to now a variety of new and fine varieties of Montrose, including more than 40 varieties. The output of species other than "Four people fish" accounted for up to 75%. The internal structure of freshwater fisheries has been continuously optimized. Fishery primary industry developed rapidly, accounting for more than a major, but a downward trend, while fishing secondary and tertiary industries not a high proportion but rapid growth with the proportion rising in recent years.
Hubei Province had become China's largest province of freshwater products processing, and the industry chain extended constantly. The province's aquatic products processing enterprises, more and more processing capacity increases, more and more processed varieties. Freshwater Products processed and exported for many years ranked first in the country. Aquatic flows increasingly wide distribution channels more and more smoothly. The rapid development of aquaculture cooperative economic organizations, technical support is growing, aquatic products quality and safety supervision system is also gradually improving.
This paper selected the main input factors indicators which affecting freshwater fisheries development in Hubei Province, established CD production function model to calculate the area of freshwater aquaculture, capital and labor elastic coefficient were as follows:0.632442,0.022279,0.472997, so the sum of coefficients was greater than 1 which indicated Hubei provincial freshwater fisheries'returns to scale was increasing. All elements'contribution rates showed that fishing labor is ranked first, capital second, fresh water aquaculture area third, so freshwater fishery was labor-intensive industry in Hubei Province.
At present, the development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei Province is still facing the following aspects of problems:poor infrastructure, decline in species quality, an increased risk of breeding due to increased water pollution, the increasing number of various types of fish diseases and backward farming techniques, low levels of aquatic products processing, backward means of transport, slow development of the professional fishermen's cooperative organizations, the restrictions on various subjects to become bigger and stronger because of difficulty in obtaining loans, hidden quality of aquatic products, the unsound relevant legal measures, etc. These problems plague the in-depth development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei Province.
Through the preceding analysis, we can draw conclusions of this research. To further promote the development of freshwater fisheries in Hubei Province, the following aspects should be done:to Increase investment to greatly improve the fisheries infrastructure, to improve aquatic seed breeding system, to construct a comprehensive technology system, to increase the fishermen' technical level, to develop vigorously the fishing industry insurance, to increase processing enterprise support, to encourage the use of modern transport equipment, to speed up the support of professional fisheries cooperative organizations, to improve the quality of aquatic products, to further improve the relevant laws of the supporting measures. Only a variety of measures to complement each other and many ways to deal can promote the healthy development of freshwater fisheries.
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