摘要
当电力系统在重负荷运行时发生过载,过载切除引起的潮流转移可能会导致系统中的其它支路连锁过载。传统的过载保护大都采取过载后延时跳闸的方式切除过载,并未顾及过载切除对系统安全性的影响,这在一定运行条件下可能会引发一系列过载保护相继动作而发生连锁过载跳闸的现象。因此,在出现过载的紧急时刻,为了避免过载切除引起连锁过载跳闸,需要快速估计过载切除对系统安全性的影响；在采取控制措施消除过载时,为了避免出现新的过载,需要快速找出调整时易发生过载的正常支路并研究保证这些支路不过载的控制策略。
论文的主要工作及研究成果如下：
通过分析若干典型大停电事故的原因,指出支路切除引起的潮流转移与保护装置的不合理动作是促使事故不断恶化的重要原因。
分析了过载切除后的潮流转移特征,提出了潮流转移系数的概念,给出了输电断面新的定义,在此基础上研究了一种快速搜索输电断面的新算法。该算法基于动态规划理论,把实时的电力网络转化成拓扑图,在一个以过载支路为中心的拓扑子图内快速搜索过载支路两端节点间的前K条最短路径,然后找出受潮流转移影响较大的输电断面。把过载切除对整个系统的安全性分析缩小到一个输电断面内,减小了进一步分析的工作量。
给出了一种基于背离路径的输电断面搜索算法。利用图论中求最短路径的算法先搜索出过载支路两端节点间的第1最短路径,然后以第1最短路径的中间节点为被背离节点派生背离路径,从这些背离路径中找出最短背离路径作为过载支路两端节点间的第2最短路径,以此类推在与过载支路电气距离较近的范围内找出前K条最短路径。由于采用了多路径搜索方式,避免了单一路径搜索时因搜索范围过小而漏选的情况；而且只需搜索少数几条路径就可较完整地找出过载支路的相关输电断面,因此该算法快速有效。
提出了广义输电断面的概念并给出了一种确定广义输电断面的方法,研究了一种广义输电断面安全性估计策略。首先基于改进的Dijkstra算法将电网分区,形成广义电网拓扑图,然后采用改进的BFS算法快速搜索广义源点附近区域的广义节点,由这些广义节点和潮流冗余量较小的支路所在的广义节点组成广义输电断面,扩展了输电断面的范围。在估计过载切除对输电断面安全性的影响时,采用分布式并行计算模式,将广义输电断面内的每个广义节点作为一个运算单元,当发生过载时,各运算单元并行判断过载支路切除是否会引起本单元内的支路连锁过载,节省了在线分析时间,适应了实时估计快速性的要求。
给出了最小限制因子的概念,研究了一种结合最小限制因子的输电断面安全性估计策略。分析指出,当发生过载时可通过判断过载切除是否会引起具有最小限制因子的支路连锁过载来估计过载切除对系统安全性的影响。为了避免全网计算求该支路,介绍了两个相关定理,通过合理设定分布系数限值和电流冗余量限值来确定输电断面。当发生过载时通过分析过载切除是否会引起该输电断面内的支路连锁过载来代替对具有最小限制因子支路的分析,从而减小了计算量。在估计过载切除对输电断面安全性的影响时,为了满足实时估计快速性的要求,在正常运行时确定广义电网拓扑图中各广义节点的广义输电断面子集和广义子区域,各运算单元分别计算本单元内支路的最小电流冗余量和分布系数大于限值支路的最小电流冗余量；当发生过载时,各相关运算单元只需并行判断过载切除是否会引起本单元内的支路过载,节省了在线运算时间,提高了输电断面安全性估计的效率。
在采取紧急控制措施消除过载时,为了避免出现新的过载,考虑了正常支路潮流对控制量的约束,给出了安全约束集的概念,研究了一种结合安全约束集的防连锁过载控制策略。首先在广义电网拓扑图中采用改进的BFS算法快速搜索广义控制点附近区域的广义节点,由这些广义节点内的支路和接近热极限的支路组成安全约束集,扩展了正常支路约束集的范围。给出了结合安全约束集的控制点的选取方法和控制量的确定方法。采用基于决策中心-区域终端模式的控制策略,将每个广义节点作为一个区域终端,当发生过载时,各相关终端并行计算保证安全约束集内支路不过载的最大安全控制量,节省了计算时间,提高了控制速度。
When power system overloads in heavy load operation, the power flow transferring caused by voerload removal may cause other lines in system cascading overload. Traditional overload protection mostly takes the mode of delay tripping to remove overload with no consideration of the influence of voerload removal to system security, which may cause cascading overload trip under certain operating conditions because of a series of overload protection devices actting successively. Therefore, in the emergency time of overload, in order to avoid cascading overload trip caused by overload removal, it is needed to fast estimate the effect of voerload removal to system security. When taking control measures to eliminate overload, in order to avoid new lines overload, it is required to fast find out the normal lines prone to overload when adjustment and to study the control strategies which can ensure these normal lines won't overload when adjustment.
The main work and achievements are as follows:
With the reasons of some typical blackouts are analyzed, it is pointed out that the power flow transferring caused by voerload removal and the unreasonable action of protection devices are the important reasons to cause the accidents worse.
By analyzing the features of flow transferring caused by overload removal, the concept of flow transferring factor (FTF) is proposed and the new definition of transmission section is given. On this basis, a new algorithm for fast searching transmission section is proposed. Based on dynamic programming theory, by converting the real-time power network into a topological graph, it fast finds out the K shortest paths between the two nodes of the overload line in a subgraph with overload line as its center, then finds out the transmission section suffered greatly from power flow transferring. The security analysis of oveload removal to the whole system is thus reduced to the analysis of a transmission section. In such a condition, the workload for further analysis is decreased.
An algorithm for fast searching transmission section based on deviation path is given. It firstly searches the first shortest path between the two nodes of overload line by the algorithm of Shortest Path Search based on graph theory, then takes the intermediate nodes as deviated nodes to derive deviation paths and finds out the shortest path in these deviation paths as the second shortest path between the two nodes of overload line, by the same way finds out the K shortest paths in a region which the electrical distance is shorter to the overload line. The use of multi-path searching mode helps avoiding the case of miss-searching some lines due to too small searching region through the mode of single-path searching. The related transmission section of overlaod line can also be completely gained by searching only a small number of paths. Therefore, this algorithm is fast and effective.
The concept of generalized transmission section (GTS) is proposed and a method to determine GTS is given. Besides, a strategy to estimate the security of GTS is studied. The power grid is firstly divided into several regions based on the improved Dijkstra algorithm to form the generalized grid topology. The generalized nodes in the nearby region of the generalized source node are searched by using the algorithm of improved Breadth First Search (BFS). The GTS is composed with the lines in the generalized nodes searched and the lines with smaller power flow redundancy, so the scope of transmission section is extended. When estimating the influence of voerload removal to transmission section security, the mode of distributed parallel computing is used. Taking each generalized node in GTS as a computing unit, when overload occurs, these units parallel judge if the lines in its own unit will overload afeter the overload line removal. In such a condition, the time of online analysis is saved, which is adapted to the rapidity requirement of real-time estimation.
The concept of minimum limiting factor (MLF) is given and a strategy to estimate the security of transmission section based on MLF is studied. It is analyzed that when overload occurs, the effect of overload removal to system security can be estimated by judging whether the overload removal can cause the line with MLF cascading overload. In order to avoid searching that line through whole network computing, two related theorems are introduced, which determines the transmission section by reasonably setting distribution factor limit and current redundancy limit. When overload occurs, the analysis of whether the line with MLF will cascading overload after the overload line removal can be replaced by that of whether the lines in the transmission section will, so the calculation amount is reduced. When estimating the effect of overload removal to transmission section security, in order to meet the rapidity requirement of real-time estimation, the generalized transmission section subset and the generalized sub-region of each generalized node in the generalized grid topology are respectively determined during normal operation of power system. Each computing unit calculates the minimum current redundancy of the lines in its own unit and the minimum current redundancy of the lines with distribution factors greater than the distribution factor limit. When overload occurs, these related computing units only need to parallel judge whether the lines in its own unit will overload after the overload line removal. The online computing time is saved and the efficiency of transmission section security estimation is improved.
When taking emergency control measures to eliminate overload, in order to avoid new lines overload, the constraint of normal line's power flow to the control quantity are considered, the concept of security constraint set (SCS) is given and a control strategy to prevent cascading overload based on SCS is studied. The generalized nodes in the nearby region of generalized control node in the generalized grid topology are fast searched firstly, then the SCS is composed with the lines in the generalized nodes searched and the lines close to thermal limit, so the scope of normal line's constraint set is extended. New methods to select the control nodes and to determine the control quantity combined with SCS are given. A control strategy based on the mode of decision center and regional terminal to prevent cascading overload is given. Taking each generalized node as a regional terminal, the related regional terminals parallel calculate the maximum security control quantity when overload occurs, so the computing time is saved and the control speed is improved.
引文
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