摘要
粘土类吸附剂由于其特殊结构而具有良好的吸附和离子交换性能及其低廉的价格和丰富的储量,在废水处理众多领域表现出广阔的应用前景,但直接使用粘土粉料或改性粘土进行水处理,易造成二次污染,且不利于回收再利用。沿着对天然粘土材料进行改性或人工设计组装性能优越的吸附材料的研究思路,针对上述问题,本研究以粘土为骨料,通过添加无机造孔剂,在低温欠烧状态下来烧制陶粒,得到性能优良、可回收利用的廉价吸附材料,研究了陶粒性能、改性及其对水中重金属离子吸附方面的应用。
以粘土为骨料,选用煤粉(5%)和石墨(15%)作为复合造孔剂,添加1.5%蛭石改性,烧制成功粘土质多孔陶粒,其显气孔率为67.87%、体积密度可达0.93g/cm3。陶粒性能受造孔剂种类、复合造孔剂配比和蛭石添加量的影响,随石墨添加量的增加,显气孔率先增后减,体积密度呈相反的变化趋势;蛭石的添加,可以补偿部分陶粒体积收缩,且能改善陶粒孔型和结构,提高显气孔率,降低体积密度,提高陶粒抗粉化率。
粘土质多孔陶粒体密度低、气孔率高、表面粗糙,对污水中重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+具有较好的吸附性能。吸附过程由表面吸附和平衡吸附两阶段形成,吸附初期有较高的吸附速率,在一定时间内即可达到吸附平衡。陶粒中-OH、C-O基团参与了吸附,形成了新相,但没有破坏陶粒本身结构。Cu2+吸附动力学更符合Freundlich方程,吸附反应属于多层吸附,Pb2+和Cd2+符合准二级吸附速率方程和颗粒内扩散模型,并由此确定吸附为化学吸附,且吸附过程由多个步骤控制。
For their special structure, good adsorption and ion exchange properties, low prices and abundant reserves, clay adsorbents show broad application prospects in many areas as wastewater treatment. But directly using clay powder or modified clay water treatment could easily lead to secondary pollution and not conducive to recycle. Along the research ideas to modify natural clay material or design assembled superior performance as the adsorption material. In view of all above problems, in this study, clay was used as aggregate, adding inorganic as pore-forming agent, sintering ceramic at lower temperature to receive excellent performance, low-cost adsorption and recycle- able materials. Ceramic properties were studied, as well as modified ceramic and its application on the adsorption of heavy metal ions.
Clay as aggregate, pulverized coal (5%) and graphite (15%) composite as pore-forming agent, 1.5% vermiculite as modifier, porous ceramic clay sintered successfully, apparent porosity is 67.87%, the volume density reaches 0.93g/cm3. Performance is impacted by the pore-forming agent types, complex pore- forming agent ratio and vermiculite agent. With an increase of the amount of graphite, porosity significantly first increases then begins to reduce, bulk density showes the opposite trend. Vermiculite adding can compensate for part of the ceramic volume contraction, improve shapes and structure of pore, improve porosity, lower bulk density and improve the rate of powder resistance.
With low density, high porosity and rough surface, porous ceramic based clay have better adsorption properties body of heavy metal ions like Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ in sewage. Adsorption process includes the outside surface adsorption and equilibrium adsorption, which begins with high adsorption rate and reachs equilibrium within certain period of time. -OH and C-O in ceramic participate in the adsorption process and a new phase forms, the very structure of ceramic hasn’t been destroyed. Cu2+ adsorption kinetics is more consistent with Freundlich equation, adsorption reactions are multi-layer adsorption. The Pb2+ and Cd2+ adsorption processes more in line with Quasi-two adsorption rate equation and Intragranular transport model, which means the adsorption process includes chemical adsorption and controls by several steps.
引文
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