摘要
湖泊是人类生存环境的重要组成部分。随着城镇化与工业化的加速,湖泊水体污染也成为最为突出的水环境问题之一。快速有效的监测湖泊污染状况、并对其做出准确评价,是我们制定有效、有序利用水资源方案,以实现流域可持续发展的基础。
博斯腾湖是中国内陆最大的淡水湖,而且也是影响南疆地区生态环境和人类生存发展的重要水资源。由于其独特的水环境特征,以及人们在开发利用中存在许多问题,加之自然气候的影响,目前存在较严重的水环境问题。对该湖泊的研究可以揭示人类和自然对湖泊水环境的影响,提供监测湖泊演化的指标和信息。
本文以干旱区浅水湖泊博斯腾湖为研究对象,从环境地球化学的角度出发,将沉积物正构烷烃分布特征与稳定同位素组成特征分析运用于湖泊有机污染与富营养化问题研究,以期寻找快速有效的监测方法,弥补已有的监测于段的不足。
本文对博斯腾湖采得的47个水样和41个沉积物样品进行相应的分析,得到以下结论：
(1)由于博斯腾湖出入水口位于同侧,且相距较近,为半封闭湖泊,使得湖泊水动力条件较差,开都河口来水未能与湖水充分混合即被出水口抽走；同时,博斯腾湖的各排污口主要分布于黄水湾区域。这些条件使得湖区的水化学环境存在区域性差异,水样电导率等值线和pH等值线均有所反映：开都河口其值偏小黄水湾处偏大,而湖中心区值间于两者之间,且较稳定；同时也影响入湖碎屑物质的搬运和沉积过程。
(2)选用主峰碳、CPI、OEP、Paq、∑nC23-/∑nC24+等五个参数对博斯腾湖沉积物中正构烷烃分布特征进行描述和源解析。结果显示：整体上博斯腾湖的陆源有机质来源均占有一定比例；位于河口的BST-47有机质几乎全为陆源高等植物的输入(∑nC23-/∑nC24+=0.08);其他采样点呈双峰型分布,显示陆源和水生共同输入的结果；BST-40、31、7、9的∑nC23-/∑nC24+值略大于1,显示水生生物比高等植物输入占优势；靠近湖泊东边尾端的采样点BST-17、24、25,陆源物质相对含量比湖心部分有所增高,为湖尾水生生物相对减少所致。湖泊不同区域水生生物含量差异明显,而陆源输入相对稳定,推断湖心及湖尾部分的陆生高等植物来源主要由风力输送控制,而水生生物繁殖则主要与湖泊水介质状况,以及湖泊水体深度有关；BST-22由于沉积环境的差异,有机质遭受较强的降解,与其它样品缺乏可对比性。
(3)根据正构烷烃分布特征,提出nC17/(∑nC14:nC34)、nC23/(∑nC14:nC34)与nC17/nC23三个参数可以反映湖区沉水植物与浮游植物繁殖状况,以及湖泊富营养化程度。若nC17/(∑nC14:nC34)与nC23/(∑nC14:nC34)值均很低,反映低等水生植物不发育或很少发育,对应为贫营养水体；若nC23的相对丰度高,而nC17含量很少,表现为0 将三个参数应用于博斯腾湖沉积物的研究,得到较好的验证。结果如下：开都河河水的注入使得该处水质良好(nC17/(∑nC14:nC34)=1.2%; nC23/(∑nC14：nC341：1.68%)；黄水湾、黑水湾、以及往南延伸至靠近开都河入水口附近,水体受污染比较严重,呈富营养状态(nC17/(∑nC14:nC34)≥22.8%; nC17/nC23≥2.66)；往湖心方向处于过渡状态；湖中央区至湖尾属于中度污染区域(nC17／nC23≤0.49)。
(4)博斯腾湖有机质碳同位素组成δ13Corg值间于-28.23‰～23.07‰。δ13Corg值的差异反映出整个湖区不同位置有机质物源组成差异较大,与正构烷烃分布特征分析结果一致。
(5)表层沉积物碳酸盐以自生为主要来源,碳氧同位素组成呈正相关性。除紧挨开都河口与黄水沟排污口的少数样点碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成表现出明显差异外,主湖区各样点同位素组成特征较一致。因此认为,博斯腾湖表层沉积物碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成的变化关系不能很好反映湖区污染程度。
Lake is an important part of human living environment. With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, lake water pollution becomes one of the most prominent water environmental problems. To monitor lake pollution Fast and effectively, and make an accurate assessment of it, is the base to make programs to use water resources effectively and orderly, and then achieve sustainable development.
Bosten Lake is the largest fresh lake in inland of China. It is also the important water resource which influence the ecological environment and human survival and development. Because of its unique water features, problems in development and utilization, and effects by climate, Bosten Lake exists serious water environmental problems. Study of the lake can reveals influences to lake water environment by human and natural activities, and provides monitoring indicators and information on lake evolution.
Taking Bosten Lake, an arid areas shallow lake, as the study object, from the perspective of environmental geochemistry, we use the n-alkanes distribution and stable isotope composition of surface sediments, to analyse lake organic pollution and eutrophication problems. Hope to find a fast and efficient monitoring method to make up the deficiency of existing monitoring tools.
We sampled 47 water samples and 41 surface sediment samples, did corresponding analysis, and obtained some conclusions as follow:
(1) Because Bosten Lake is a semi-closed lake, the inlet and outlet are on the same side and in close proximity, the hydrodynamic condition is poor. Water from Kaidu River can not mix up with lake water fully. Moreover, sewage outfalls mainly distribute in Huangshui bay area. All these conditions make hydrochemistry environment diversely in different regions. It is reflected in conductivity contour and pH contour:The values are little in Kaidu River estuary, big in Huangshui region. middle and steady in lake center, shallow-water circulation by winds is another important driving force. Its also work upon fragmental products transport and deposition.
(2) Choosing peak carbon, CPI, OEP, Paq,∑nC23-/∑nC24+ to describe the distribution of n-alkanes and do source analysis, the results tell us that terrestrial organic matter occupies certain proportion'in the whole lake. BST-47 is near the Kaidu River inlet, and its organic matter is almost from terrestrial plants. Except this, other samples are all showed a double-peak distribution, indicating terrestrial and aquatic input together. The∑nC23-/∑nC24+ values of BST-40、31、7、9 are slightly larger than 1, displaying that aquatic input is predominate compared with terrestrial input. BST-17、24、25 are near the end of the lake, the percentage of terrestrial matter is higher than the center of lake due to the decline of aquatic. Aquatic content has significant difference in different regions, but terrestrial input comparatively steady, inferring that terrestrial input in the center and end of lake is controlled by wind, however aquatic is relating to water media and the depth. BST-22 has no comparability with other samples for the different depositional environment.
(3) According to n-alkanes distribution, We submit three parameters: nC17/(∑nC14:nC34), nC23/(∑nC14:nC34) and nC17/nC23, which can reflect the reproductive status of Submersed Macrophyte and Phytoplankton, to discuss the relative level of lake eutrophication. If both of the nC17/(∑nC14:nC34) and nC23/(∑nC14:nC34) values are small, it indicates that water is dystrophic and lower hydrobiont is not developed or seldom. If the content of nC23 is high, but nC17 is low, it is explained as large population of submerged vegetation and high lake productivity. Water is polluted in a certain degree and corresponds to moderate nutrient level. If the content of nC17 is high, but nC23 is low, it reflects that submerged vegetation degrades and Phytoplankton takes dominance. Pollution in the region is serious and it shows eutrophication. If both of nC17 and nC23 have certain contents, nC17/nC23 approach to 1, it indicates a intermediate state of the above two status.
The results of parameters used in the research of Bosten Lake sediments are: Water quality in Kaidu River inlet is good because of fresh water input (nC17/(∑ nC14:nC34)=1.2%; nC23/(∑nC14:nC34)=1.68%). Huangshui Bay, Heishui Bay, and southward extending to Kaidu River inlet nearby, water, pollution is more serious (nC17/(∑nC14:nC34)≥22.8%; nC17/nC23≥2.66). To the lake heart direction region, it shows a intermediate state (nC17/nC23=0.74). The center and end of lake is medium-polluted (nC17/nC23≤0.49).
(4) Theδ13Corg are between-28.23‰and-23.07‰, shows a significant difference in organic source composition in whole lake. It is agreed with the results of n-alkanes distribution.
(5) Carbonates in surface sediments are mainly anthigenic, its carbon and oxygen isotope composition shows positive correlation. Except the samples very near the estuary and sewage outfall, other samples'δ13C andδI8O are comparatively stable. The variation relation about stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition can not reflect the degree of contamination well.
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