摘要
小麦赤霉病是我国长江中、下游麦区的主要病害，近年来由于气候变化、有些年份北方地区春季雨水偏多、加之玉米—小麦轮作地区秸秆还田和由漫灌到喷灌的灌溉条件改变使得小麦赤霉病的发生面积不断扩大，由长江中、下游麦区向北扩展，遇到合适的气候条件即导致小麦赤霉病的大范围发生，给我省小麦生产造成严重的威胁。
本研究收集了河北省邯郸、邢台、衡水、石家庄和保定5市24县的115份小麦样品，利用“纸卷法”进行室内小麦赤霉病菌侵染率测定并进行病原菌分离。结果表明，石家庄市的新乐市、平山县和栾城县，邢台市的南和县、隆尧县和邢台县小麦赤霉病发生普遍严重，其他市县的小麦样品发病程度相对较轻。经病原菌分离鉴定，发现禾谷镰刀菌为河北省小麦赤霉病的主要致病菌，占病原菌总分离率的91.93％。
对河北省小麦品种和捷克收集的欧洲小麦品种进行田间抗赤霉病性鉴定。结果表明，河北省小麦品种对赤霉病抗性较高，尤其是白农8717和白农63，而欧洲品种抗性较低；但是河北品种对小麦白粉病和锈病的兼抗性比欧洲品种低，而对小麦叶枯病的兼抗性较高。
利用胚根生长抑制法对河北省推广和区试品种进行了抗小麦赤霉病菌毒素培养滤液的室内测试。结果表明，矮丰11、河农859、NC2号、花果山8号、河农822、中麦9、花5022、蓝料小麦、廊研7号、小山230、60836对毒素培养滤液的抗性与抗病对照苏麦3号相近，石新703显著优于苏麦3号。
利用化学药剂对小麦赤霉病进行花期田间防治试验。结果表明，各药剂处理对小麦赤霉病都有一定防治作用，并且使产量增加，但是Alert和Charisma(0.5+0.75)L／ha混用对小麦增产效果最明显，施用Caramba 1.2 L／ha或Horizon 1 L／ha可以有效控制小麦赤霉病，Bumper super对控制小麦赤霉病以及小麦增产综合表现较好，而且各药剂处理均可以兼治小麦锈病。
通过室内抑菌活性测定了河北省常用药剂对赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明，50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂和43％好力克悬浮剂抑菌作用较强，并测得两者的抑制中浓度分别为2.80 μg/mL和13.33 nl／mL。进一步利用Horsfall方法测定两者混配的最佳比例及共毒系数，测试结果表明，多菌灵与好力克按抑制中浓度20：80混配具有增效作用。进行温室防治试验，测定结果为两者的混配液在1200倍防效仍达94.29％。
Fusarium head blight(FHB) is the main disease in the wheat-growing area along Yangtze river in China. Because of the weather getting warmer, the melioration of the planting and irrigation conditions, FHB occurrence area has been constantly enlarging from Yangtze river area to north in recent years. Now it is a threat to the wheat production of Hebei Province.
One hundred and fifteen wheat samples were collected from 24 counties of Handan, Xingtai, Hengshui, Shijiazhuang and Baoding city of Hebei province. Paper-roll-testing method was used to detect the FHB infection on grains, and the pathogens from the infected grains were isolated. Results showed that the samples from Xinle, Pingshan, Luancheng, Nanhe, Longyao and Xingtai counties were seriously infected by FHB. Whereas those from other counties were slightly infected. Based on the isolation and identification of the pathogen, Fusarium graminearum was identified as the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight in Hebei province. The isolation frequency was as high as 91.93%.
The resistance test of wheat genotypes from Hebei province and Europe to FHB was conducted in the field. Results showed that the genotypes of Hebei province had higher resistance to FHB, especially the genotypes of BAINONG 8717 and BAINONG 63, whereas the European genotypes had lower resistance. The same situation was on leaf blotch of wheat. However, the genotypes from Hebei did not show as much resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust as European ones.
Resistance of Hebei genotypes currently used or will be used to mycotoxin by means of suppression of radical growth method was tested in the laboratory. Results showed that resistance of AIFENG 11, HENONG 859, NC 2, HUAGUOSHAN 8, HENONG 822, ZHONGMAI 9, HUA 5022, LANLIAO WHEAT, LANGYA.N 7, XIAOSHAN 230, 60836 was the same level as the resistant control SUMAI 3. But the mycotoxin resistance of SHIXIN 703 was significantly better than that of SUMAI 3.
Chemical control experiment was conducted in the field during the flowering stage of wheat for the controlling of FHB. Results showed that every fungicide treatment had some control efficacy to FHB and resulted in the increase of the yield. For all the treatments, the mixture of ALERT and CHARISMA (0.5+0.75) L/ha was the best for yield increase and the treatment of CARAMBA 1.2 L/ha or HORIZON 1 L/ha was the best to control FHB. However, Bumper super was the suitable one for both the controlling of FHB and the increasing of the yield. Moreover, every fungicide treatment had good control effect on
wheat leaf rust.
Inhibitory effects of fungicides to Fusarium graminearum were tested by means of mycelial growth inhibition method. Among 4 fungicides, carbendazime and tebuconazole had the stronger inhibitory effects with the EC50s 2.80 g/ml and 13.33 nl/ml, respectively. The best proportion of the mixture of the two fungicides was tested by using Horsfall method. Results showed that the mixture of carbendazime and tebuconazole with EC50 20:80 had synergistic effect. Greenhouse experiment showed that the control effect reached as high as 94.29% with the mixture at 1200 times of dilutions.
引文
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