摘要
陈师曾是中国近代史上著名的美术理论家、画家、民国前期北京画坛的领袖人物。他虽然英年早逝,但他思想和实践留足以启迪后学。他学贯中西、博古通今,以超长的眼光、清醒的头脑和哲人的睿智,在继承和发扬民族美学的精神及绘画史论的建树、美术创新的探索、美术教育的提倡、团结新老画家、筹建画社画会、开展中外美术交流,以及对中国现代漫画艺术的开创等多方面做出了杰出的贡献。
19世纪末20世纪初,由于清政府的闭关锁国和腐败无能,中国沦为西方列强的殖民地。很多有识之士开始反思中国落后挨打的原因,认为是在于军事、技术、工业等方面的落后,于是掀起了一股西学东渐和向西方学习的浪潮,学习西方的自然科学和人文科学以及艺术成为当时的时尚。在美术领域,出现了新与旧的激烈斗争,掀起了历史上关于中国画的第一次大辩论。康有为、陈独秀等认为传统美术衰败至极,应该革“王画“的命,提倡用西方的写实主义改造中国画,一时间,梁启超、蔡元培、徐悲鸿等纷纷响应,这种论调在理论上占了上风。在这种背景下,陈师曾以超人的胆魄和远见卓识,提出了自己的中国画发展的主张。他认为新美术“宜以本国画为主体,舍我之短,秉人之长”、“融会中西”、“画吾自画”。他为文人画辩护,强调绘画的民族性和继承性、时代性,并用民族绘画的主体性去对抗“全盘西化”和一切贬低否定中国传统绘画的论调。他写了《文人画之价值》、《中国画是进步的》等著作和文章,阐述他的思想和主张。
陈师曾没有近代人第一次看西方时的自卑心理,也不狂妄自大、目空一切,在“五四”新文化运动中,能站在中国文化的制高点,用两种眼光看问题,以平常心看西方,以谦虚自强精神学西方。他认为中西的绘画没有谁高谁低、谁优谁劣,“未可轩轾”,只是“系统殊异,取法不同”,在艺术功能上都是为了唤起人们的美感,培养人们高尚的情操,提高健康愉悦的精神和道德。他看到了当时中国画坛上的流弊,“彼土艺术日新月异,而吾国则沉滞不前”。因此,他提出,中国画要进步、创新“宜以本国之画为主体舍我之短,采人之长”。他的艺术观点,能站在历史的高度,较客观的提出解决问题的方法,从艺术发展规律、学术价值独立等多方面,都反映了超乎常人的睿智和深刻,确实具有真知灼见。
陈师曾在艺术实践上的努力也为我们留下了宝贵的财富。陈师曾的绘画内容涉及面十分广泛,不局限于一家一派的风格。他的文化素养极为深厚,诗、书、画、印皆有涉猎,在绘画实践方面以人物、山水、花鸟更为擅长。
陈师曾的花鸟画受吴昌硕、陈白阳、徐青藤及扬州八怪等个性派画风影响,以梅、兰、竹、菊居多,内含着浓郁的书卷气。他的山水画自然、生动、清雅,融合各家所长。他在山水画写生时将西方透视画法与传统国画笔墨精神相结合,然笔简意足,见微知著,创作的景致玲珑精致,反映了他对平凡生活的热爱,所画之境,无时不刻充满了日常的生活气息。
人物画虽并非陈师曾的专长,但他的意笔人物画在近现代中国美术史上的影响是最为深远的。他的人物画,大致可分为三类,风俗人物、道释人物、仕女和时装人物。陈师曾首次将时装引入中国画,描写北京市民生活的《北京风俗图》更堪称史诗式的艺术佳构。《北京风俗图》笔法简练,寓意深刻,在艺术手法上融汇了古代名家和近代西洋笔意,被称为近代漫画之开山鼻祖。可以说,《北京风俗图》的意义,在近代漫画史上、思想史上及人物画的创新上均具有开创之功。这些作品是他在中国意笔人物画继承传统的基础上坚持创新的可贵尝试,起着抛砖引玉的作用,充任了中国意笔人物画现代转型的先驱,对当时和后世的艺术家都有着广泛和深远的影响。它为作者所赢得的历史地位,是陈师曾其他任何画作所难以替代的。
陈师曾不同流俗、不随波逐流,实践自己的艺术主张,敢于“画吾自画”,并以诗、书、画、印集于一身。他以深厚的笔墨功力、以意为象的形象塑造、单纯朴素的画面、合乎理法的反叛意识、直面人生和关注现实的艺术创作,斐然成一家面目。梁启超评他为:“现代美术界可称为第一。”傅抱石认为:“陈师曾是这一代中最伟大的画家。”他的最大功绩是把已经衰颓的中国文人画,一变为师法造化、深入观察现实生活、开拓新的意境,使画面产生了新的生机,焕发出新的力量;同时又是中国现代漫画艺术的先驱。陈师曾强调美术的民族性、继承性和时代性,对“全盘西化”与一切贬低、否定中国美术的论调予以驳斥。陈师曾从民族美学的高度看待传统艺术,紧密结合中国实际,为解决当时画坛上的迫切问题,深思熟虑地提出不少精辟的见解,有些意见至今仍闪烁着真理的光芒,在研究中国画如何创新等问题上,仍有借鉴和学习的现实意义。
Chen Shi Zeng is well-known as an art theorist,artist in the modem Chinese art history. Although he dead young,but his thought and practice leave so many inspiration to the after.He was equiped with knowledge of both Chinese and Western,past and present.His long-sighted, clear-headed and wise philosopher,inherit and carry forward the national spirit and aesthetic history of the achievements of painting,fine arts creative exploration,the promotion of art education,he also unite old and young artists,to establish the organization of painting,to promote the culture exchange between West and East.
Between the late 19th century and the early 20th century,due to the Qing government corruption and the closed-door policy,China became a colony of the Western powers.A lot of Chinese people begin to reflect on the reasons behind the beating that is the military,technical, industrial backwardness,then set off a Western Learning and the wave of the study to the West, studying the West as well as natural sciences and human sciences Art has become fashionable at the time.In the field of art,a new struggle with the old,set off about the history of Chinese painting on the first debate.Kang,Chen,etc.consider the decline of traditional art to the extreme,it should be leather,"Wang draw" of life,the promotion of Westem realism with the transformation of Chinese painting,one time,Liang Chi-chao,Cai Yuanpei,Xu Beihong,etc. to respond to this kind of argument in theory,account for the upper hand.In this context,to Chen Shi Zeng superhumanencourage and foresight,the Chinese draw their own development.He said that the new art "should be to the painting as the main body,care of my short,Law's long," "mixed Chinese and Western," "draw minedraw." Literati painting him as a defense,and emphasize the national character of painting succession,time,and with the main painting of the nation go against "total Westernization" and all play down the negative tone of traditional Chinese painting.He wrote the "Value of Literati Painting","Chinese painting is a sign of progress" and other books and articles on his thought and ideas.
Chen Shi Zeng in the "May 4th" New Culture Movement,he stand on the position of the Chinese culture,he analysis things from two diferent ways,he did not have self-abased,but to treat the Western normally in order to humble the spirit of self-Study West.He thought there is no level high or low between Western painting and Chiese painting,but the views are different. They do have common in the people's sense of beauty,people cultivate noble values,enhance the health of the spiritual and moral pleasure.At that time,he saw the flaws in Chinese painting, Therefore,he proposed to draw the progress of China,and innovation "should be in their own homes as the main draw of my short,people take long." His artistic opinion,can stand in the history of the height,a more objective method to solve the problem,from the law of the development of the arts,the academic value of the independence of many ordinary people are more than a reflection of the wisdom and profound,we do have a vision.
Chen Shi Zeng practice in the arts as well as on the efforts of left us with a valuable asset. Chen Shi Zeng's painting covers a wide range of content.He has very deep culture,poetry, books,paintings.
Chen Shi Zeng's painting is affected by Changshuo,Chen,Xu and other great painting artist. His Landscape painting was affected by the Western perspective drawing ink with the traditional spirit of Chinese painting,always engraved daily life is full of flavor.
Although the figure is not Chen Shi Zeng's expertise,but he intended to pen portraits of contemporary Chinese art in recent history are the most far-reaching impact.Portraits of him can be broadly grouped into three categories,customs figures,released Road figures,ladies and fashion figures.He is the first people to introduce the fashion into the Chinese painting,depicts the lives of Beijing residents "Beijing custom map" a more epic style of art can be good conformation."Beijing custom map" concise writing,at art on a combination of ancient practices and modem Western artists brush is known as the modem comic Dashiell.It can be said that "Beijing custom map" the significance of comic books in modem history,the history of thought and innovative portraits are created on the reactive power.These works are intended to sum him figure in the Chinese traditional foundation of the value of innovation insist on trying to play a forward role,acting as the Chinese Freehand Figure Painting a pioneer in the modem transformation of time and generations of artists have extensive and far-reaching impact.It won the author the historical status for him.
Chen Shi Zeng did not follow the crowd,practice the art of their own ideas,the courage to "draw my draw",and poetry,book,painting,printed body.Ink him to a profound ability to sense as the image of shape,simple pictures,in line with the rebel theory awareness and concerns facing the reality of life in the arts,into a striking face.Liang Chi-chao his commentary: "Modem art can be described as the first." Fu said:"Yes,Chen Shi Zeng is the greatest artist." he has put the Chinese literati paintings becomes a good fortune,in-depth observation of real life, open up new artistic conception,so that the screen had a new life,full of new strength;at the same time,Chinese are the pioneers of modem comic book art.Chen Shi Zeng emphasize the national character of art,and the time of the succession of "total Westernization" and all derogatory,negative view of Chinese art to be refuted.Chen Shi Zeng from the aesthetic point of view of national traditional art in close connection with China's reality,in order to address the urgency of time on the issue of painting,aider careful consideration of the views put forward a number of brilliant,some are still flashes of the brilliance of the truth,in the study how to draw Chinese innovation on such issues,there are still leam from the practical significance.
引文
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