摘要
遥感技术是地球空间信息获取的重要手段,由于光学遥感应用的局限性,主动方式的微波雷达遥感技术在特定地区发挥重要作用。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术综合了合成孔径雷达成像原理和干涉测量技术,是一般SAR功能的延伸和发展,极大拓展了成像雷达的功能和应用范围,在军事和国民经济建设中可以发挥重大作用。InSAR技术充分利用了雷达回波信号所携带的相位信息,精确测量地面点三维空间位置及其微小变化。目前,该技术已经受到测绘和地学领域研究人员的普遍青睐。从上世纪八十年代初起,哈尔滨市地面沉降处在缓慢发展过程中,在不同时期已经引起地面建筑物和道路破损等现象,但是至今从未对地表进行全面、系统的形变监测工作。为此,本文基于合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术,研究了该地区过去十几年地面沉降的时空变化特征。
本文利用覆盖哈尔滨地区的ERS和Envisat雷达数据,分别采用常规DInSAR、短基线集和永久散射体方法进行了试验研究,并结合地下水位和地面水准监测数据与InSAR结果进行了相关分析,验证了其精度和可靠性,表明该技术对哈尔滨地区微小缓慢的形变监测是高效可行的。
论文深入剖析了合成孔径雷达干涉测量相关基本概念,提出了SAR影像配准时控制点粗差的探测和剔除方法,比较了干涉图相位在空域和频域滤波结果,探讨了InSAR大气效应改正方法,研究了基于MODIS数据大气延迟改正,构建了基于GIS技术的地面沉降监测网络数据管理系统。
通过本文的研究,作者获得以下成果及创新：
1.利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术,首次对哈尔滨市地面沉降进行了系统全面的研究,揭示了地面沉降的时空特征,得到哈尔滨市年沉降量为mm的地面沉降结果。
2.归纳总结了InSAR大气效应的改正方法,验证了大气对哈尔滨地区InSAR监测结果的影响,并针对该地区进行了MODIS数据试验研究。为了分析大气对干涉测量结果的影响,选取Envisat卫星分别在2006年1月19日和3月30日获得SAR影像为数据源进行干涉处理,选取2006年3月30日MODIS数据用于纠正大气延迟。通过对改正前后的RMS进行统计,发现RMS由改正前的0.8cm降低到了改正后的0.65cm,表明MODIS改正具有一定的效果。
3.对SAR影像配准产生的粗差的进行了系统分析和研究,提出采用方差分量估计总体检验法与Baarda单个粗差探测法,并通过实际算例进行了验证。粗差剔除前配准选择控制点是46个,剔除后剩下32个参与拟合多项式系数计算,剔除率达到30%。
4.通过研究哈尔滨地区地质构造、地貌特征和地下水类型,对所探测出的地面沉降信息与地下水位变化进行了相关性分析,结果科学合理,具有说服力,为哈尔滨市地面沉降灾害预防提供重要参考价值。
5.构建了哈尔滨地面沉降监测网络管理系统,能够对利用遥感图像处理和GIS技术编制的各种图件和数据进行高效的管理。
Remote sensing technique is the important means of acquiring space information of the earth, active way of microwave radar sensing technology plays an important role in specific areas, due to the limits of application of optical remote sensing. Combining the principle of imaging SAR and interferometric technique, synthetic aperture radar interferometric technique is the extension and development of functions of general SAR, and it not only largely expands the function and application range of imaging radar, but also is of significance in both military and the development of national economy. InSAR can accurately measure three-dimensional arrangement of the ground point and its slight changes. At present, it has widely drawn the attention of researchers in areas of geomatics and earth science. Since1980s, the slow changes in ground subsidence have done great damages to the ground and buildings in different periods in Harbin, but no full-scale and systematic monitoring work has been done to the deformation of the earth's surface. So, based on differential interfrometry of synthetic aperture radar, the thesis gets the information for the spatio-temporal change pattern of ground subsidence of recent years in Harbin.
The thesis does a series research by means of conventional DInSAR, Small baseline subset and Permanent scatter method separately, based on processing the data of ERS and Envisat SAR in Harbin.Combined the monitoring data of water level with the data of level monitoring, and analyzing the related result of InSAR, the thesis proves its accuracy and reliability, which shows that the technique is efficient and feasible in monitoring the tiny and slow deformation in Harbin.
The thesis analyzes the related basic concept of InSAR deeply, and raises a exploring and rejecting method for gross error while matching SAR Images. It also compares the filtering result of Interfereometric phase in space and frequency domain, discusses the correction methods of InSAR atmosphere effect, researches atmospheric delay correction based on MODIS data, and at the same time it develops the management system of the land subsidence monitoring network data based on GIS technique.
Innovation achievement of the paper is as follow:
1. This paper is the first time to do a research on the situation of ground subsidence in Harbin completely and systematically by InSAR and gets the annual amount of settlement and accurates it to mm.
2. In order to analyze the effect that the atmosphere has on the result of the interferometry, the author chooses the SAR image taken in Janu.1st and March30th,2006as the data source to proceed interferometric treatment, and MODIS data of March30th2006to correct the atmospheric delays. The result shows standard deviation has changed from0.8to0.65centimeters, which means MODIS amendment has certain effect.
3. The thesis comes up with the variance components estimates for the whole inspection and Baarda single gross error detection method by analyzing and studying gross error in SAR Image registration and verifies it by actual example.Finally,46control points were used befor rejecting gross error points,and only32points were calculated in fitting polynomial coefficients.The result shows that deleting rate is up to30%.
4. Because it is a result of analyzing the geologic structure, geomorphology and groundwater type in Harbin, and so detecting information of land subsidence is scientific and rational.It has more convincing,and provides the important reference of ground subsidence prevention.
5. The thesis builds a monitoring network system of the ground subsidence,and the aim is more efficient management for the various images and data established by RS and GIS techniques.
引文
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