摘要
牧草种质资源是发展草地畜牧业的重要物质基础,是筛选和培育优良牧草新品种的基本材料或基因库。我国于20世纪80年代建立了牧草种质资源基因库和资源圃,对收集到的种质经过试种、初步鉴定和繁种入库保存。采用作物种质资源学的理论和牧草种质资源研究的方法,对牧草种质资源中心库进行了特征特性的评价,取得如下主要结果:
1、入库保存材料丰富,有9593份种质材料,隶属于67科411属1000种。包含有地方种质资源、国外引进种质资源、国内普通种质资源、野生种质资源、栽培种质资源和育成种质资源。中心库中特有牧草种质资源33种,主要栽培牧草的野类型及野生近缘植物133种,经过国家审定登记的牧草品种114个,通过国家鉴定和筛选的优异牧草27份。
2、入库种质材料中,国内牧草发芽率90%以上的材料所占的比重低于国外牧草;国外牧草资源间,国内各省份资源间存在较大差异。
3、通过对不同牧草的生育天数和物候性状资料的分析,明确了各类牧草种质资源的生长节律与开花结实规律;对千粒重的分析表明,不同科、种间千粒重有较大差异,且不同生境对千粒重有很大的影响。
4、按照吴征镒世界种子植物科、属的划分,科可划分为六种类型,属可划分为15个类型9个变型,植物区系热带成分占很大比例,这与我国植物区系具有明显的热带起源性质相符合。
5、表型性状特征聚类,具有按地区聚类的倾向,反映出种质特性与生态环境之间的生态适应和相关性;来源相同或相近的同名种质间差异较小,反之则较大。因此,收集资源时应尽量减少同一地区重复性的收集,重点应放在不同地区上。
6、中心库资源经济价值突出,有优等牧草199种,良等156种,中等183种,低等23种,劣等4种,有毒植物22种,有害植物10种;中心库食用植物29科73属114种,可分为淀粉植物、蔬菜类植物、果品植物、饮料植物、调料和油料植物;中心库中具有药用价值的牧草57科207属310种,药用部位涉及植物体根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子等各个部分,药用有效成分遍及植物化学成分中的各类有机化合物,主治13个方面的疾病;中心库中牧草的工用价值包括纤维植物和树脂、橡胶植物,境用植物包括改境植物、美化植物和种质植物。
7、通过对牧草资源总量分布区域与入库牧草种质资源分布区域的比较,明确了今后应重点在西藏、内蒙、新疆、青海、四川、甘肃、云南、河南和湖南9省份重点搜集牧草种质资源,并对今后搜集与保存提出了建议;对中心库牧草种质资源应深入研究,充分发掘、利用和有效保护。
Forage Germplasm Resources are important material foundation for development grassland animal husbandry, and they are basic material or gene pool for the selection and cultivation of new good varieties. In the 1980s, China established a gene pool on forage germplasm resources and save storage after planting, the initial identification and breeding. Using the theory of crop germplasm resources and the methods of forage germplasm research, the characteristics on forage germplasm resources centre library for material storage were evaluated, the major findings were as follows:
1、Forage germplasm resources centre library is abundance of material storage, there are 9593 shares, which belong to 67 families, 411 genera and 1000 species.Germplasm types have local germplasm resources, introduced pasture resources, domestic ordinary pasture resources, wild germplasm resources, cultural resources and growing forage germplasm resources. The endemic germplasm resources have 33 species; Wild species and wild relative species of cultivated forage have 133 species; There are 114 species through the national examination registration; There are 27 outstanding grass through the national identification and screening.
2、Result showed that the proportion of germination rate of domestic grass above 90% was less than oversea grass, there were a lot of difference between domestic grass and oversea grass.
3、The ruler of growth, flowering and seeding was ascertained by analyzing the data on the various types of pasture with the period of bearing and phenological phase. There were much more difference between various families and species by analyzing 1000-grain weight, and there was a huge influence on biotope to 1000-grain weight.
4、Families were divided into six types and genera were divided into 15 types of nine variations in the World Bureau of seed plants by the classifying viewpoint of Academician WU Zheng-Yi. Tropical plant flora occupied much large proportion in the flora, which are match with the nature of tropical origin of China’s Flora.
5、The study showed that the phenotypic characterizations have a trend to cluster by region, which was reflect ecological adaptation and relativity between germplasm characteristics and ecological environment. There was a little difference between same origin or similar origin , whereas, there was much more difference. Therefore, we should reduce the collection of repetition in the same region during the period of collecting resources, especially of emphases in the different region.
6、The resources of centre library have a outstanding economic value .Forages of excellent grade have 199 species, good grade have 156 species, fair forages have 183 species, low forages have 23 species and poor forages have 4 species, 22 species of them were poisonous plants, 10 species were harmful plants; Edible plants have 29 families ,73 genera and 114 species in the centre library, which are classified into starch plants, vegetable plants, fruit plants, beverage plants, spices and oil plants; Pastures have 57 families, 207 genus and 310 species in the centre library with medicinal merit, useful apparatus for medicine dealt with roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and so on, theirs active ingredients involved apiece sort organic compounds in the plant chemical ingredient, theirs function can cure illness at 13 aspects; their industry merit included plant fiber and resin, rubber plant, habitat plants included improving habitat plants, landscaping plants and germplasm plants.
7、To ascertain the emphases of the collecting germplasm resource for the future should collect in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Henan and Hunan provinces by compared distributing region of all the pasture resources with distributing region of entering library pasture resources. Some advices on the collecting and preserving germplasm resource for the future were put forward, and we should lucubrate with plenty excavation, using and taking effective measures to protect it.
引文
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