摘要
砌体结构在我国使用已久，也是当前村镇建筑工程中使用最广泛的一种结构。汶川地震中，村镇建筑震害严重，主要原因是砌体结构整体性差、抗震性能弱，导致大量建筑物破坏和倒塌。受村镇经济、施工条件、技术水平的影响，施工工艺复杂的抗震措施难以落实，严重影响施工质量。为了提高砌体结构的抗震能力，简便易行、经济有效的抗震技术是主要抗震途径之一。论文围绕简易消能减震技术展开的研究工作及取得的主要结论有：
①简易消能减震技术开发
基于村镇建筑的投入、施工水平、管理现状等实际，研究提出了两种简易消能减震技术，分别为沥青-砂垫层消能减震技术和捆绑橡胶束消能减震技术。
②沥青-砂和捆绑橡胶束材性试验研究
对细砂、标准砂、粉煤灰、石粉、滑石粉、不同配合比的沥青-砂、不同配合比的沥青-滑石粉等材料的摩擦性能进行了研究，并测试了沥青的相关指标（针入度、延度、粘度）和捆绑橡胶束的力学性能。研究表明，沥青-砂试件中沥青含量为75%时，摩擦系数小，竖向承载力高。
③不同类型墙体抗震性能试验研究
完成了无减震措施墙体、不同配合比沥青-砂滑移层墙体、上下圈梁固结墙体、捆绑橡胶束（轮胎）墙体四类共8片墙体的低周反复加载试验，对比分析了各墙体的破坏形态、刚度退化、耗能能力以及墙体的剪切变形和弯曲变形。分析结果表明设置减震措施的墙体明显提高了墙体的变形能力和塑性耗能能力；配合比为75%的沥青-砂技术随着竖向压应力的变化其性能稳定，能很好的耗散传往上部结构的能量，上部结构受力小；设置捆绑橡胶束（轮胎）的墙体能很好地耗散能量，能为墙体提供很大的第二刚度。
④沥青-砂滑移墙体和捆绑橡胶束砌体结构模型的振动台试验
完成了沥青-砂滑移减震墙体、底部固结墙体、素砌体结构、现浇构造柱砌体结构、捆绑橡胶束砌体结构1/4比例模型振动台模拟地震试验，对比考察了模型结构的破坏特征、动力特性、加速度反应、位移反应、变形及原型结构的反应等特性。研究表明沥青-砂垫层、捆绑橡胶束消能减震装置均可有效取到消能减震效果，减少输入上部结构的地震能量，有效提高结构的整体性和抗倒塌能力。
⑤简易消能减震技术砌体结构数值模拟
用ABAQUS对拟静力墙体试验进行了数值模拟，与试验结果吻合较好，验证了该模拟方法的可靠性；通过大量的数值分析模型，从动力时程反应和损伤耗能角度对比了传统结构和滑移结构的抗震性能，说明了该项滑移减震技术的可行性。
⑥简易消能减震技术要点建议
基于试验结果和对大量模型进行分析的基础上，对简易消能减震技术的设计及其相关构造要求提出建议，包括各烈度区摩擦系数取值范围、简化设计方法、捆绑橡胶束布置等，为实际工程应用提供理论依据。
Masonry structure, which has been used for a long time in China, is one of themost widely used constructure in urban and rural region of china nowadays. However,the poor structural integrity and seismic performance have led to a large number ofbuildings destroyed and collapsed in Wenchuan earthquake. Furthermore, due to thepoor towns economy as well as equipment and technology, the complex seismicmeasures are difficult to be implemented, largely affecting the construction quality.Therefore, to improve the seismic capacity of the masonry structure favoring to the ruralareas, the simple and cost-effective seismic technology is one of the major seismic ways.The objective of this study was to investigate a simple energy dissipation technologyand the main conclusions were described as follows:
①Development of a simple energy dissipation technology
Considering the actual investment, the construction level and management status invillages and towns, we proposed two kinds of simple energy dissipation technologies:asphalt sand cushion energy dissipation and bound rubber beam energy dissipation.
②Experimental study on material properties of asphalt sand and bound rubberbeam
Friction properties of fine sand, sand, fly ash, powder, talcum powder, mix asphaltsand with different ratio and asphalt talcum powder with different ratio were studied. Inaddition, the asphalt-related indicators (penetration, ductility and viscosity) and themechanical property of bundled rubber beam were also tested. The experimental resultshowed that when the content of asphalt was75%, the specimen of the asphaltic sandspresented lower friction and higher vertical bearing capacity.
③Experimental study on seismic performance of different types of walls
Four low cyclic loading tests of walls (with no isolation measures, with slidinglayer having different ratio of asphalt sand, with upper and lower ring beam, and withbound rubber beam or rubber of tire) were studied, which included four types and eightpieces of walls. The failure shape, energy dissipation capacity, wall shear deformationand bending deformation were compared and analyzed among different walls. Theexperimental results indicated that with isolation measures could greatly improve thecapacity of deformation and plastic energy dissipation of walls; with variation ofvertical stress, the asphalt sand at a ratio of75%could exhibit better stable performance and dissipation of the energy transported to the upper structure with small stressreceived; The bundle rubber beam (rubber of tire) walls contributed to the energydissipation, and providing a great second stiffness for the walls.
④Shaking table test of asphalt sand sliding wall and masonry structure modelwith bound rubber beam
The asphalt sand sliding wall, the consolidation wall, the masonry structure, thein-situ cast tie-column masonry structure and the masonry structure with bound rubberbeam were tested at the shaking table of the1/4scale model. Some parameters such asfailure characteristics, dynamic characteristics, acceleration response, displacementresponse, deformation and the prototype structure response of the models werecompared among the asphalt sand sliding wall and masonry structure with bound rubberbeam. The results suggested that using asphalt sand sliding or binding rubber beam todissipate the energy was effective, which could reduce the seismic energy input to theupper structure. Furthermore, the overall structural integrity and collapse resistantcapacity was improved significantly.
⑤Numerical simulation of masonry structure using simple energy dissipationtechnology
The ABAQUS software was used to analyze the pseudo static test of wall. Theanalytical results had a good agreement with the measured values, which showed thereliability of the modeling. With a large number of numerical models to fit theexperimental data and compare the seismic performance between traditional structureand sliding structure based on the dynamic time-history response and damage energydissipation, it demonstrated the feasibility of the slip damping technology.
⑥Main suggestions for simple energy dissipation technology
Based on the experimental results and a large number of modeling and analysis, weprovided some suggestions on design and construction requirement for the simpleenergy dissipation technology, involving the friction coefficient range in differentintensity zone, simplified design method, the structure requirements of bound rubberbeam layout, and so on. These suggestions will give a theoretical guide for the practicalengineering application.
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