摘要
目前,人口拥挤与土地的短缺是阻碍我国城市化高速发展的症结所在,而地下商业街的开发与利用能有效的缓解以上的问题。在地下商业街的设计与使用中,声环境质量越来越为使用者所重视。如何让设计师和管理者有效地改善地下商业街的声环境,是本文主观响度和声舒适度研究的着眼点。主观响度与声舒适度属于声景学的研究范畴,涉及声音、使用者、空间和环境等诸多因素,因此澄清这些因素与主观响度和声舒适度的关系尤为重要。
本文选择了哈尔滨市的五个典型的地下商业街作为调查地点。并把声音、使用者、环境和空间的关系设计成调查问卷,在这些地下商业街中发放。最终回收有效调查问卷2800余份。除此之外还调查了温度、相对湿度、照度、声压级和人群密度等客观指标。从而较全面地掌握了地下商业街的声音、使用者、空间和环境等数据的资料。
声音与声源本身既是地下商业街声景研究的客体,又是声景的重要组成部分。本文调查发现复合声环境下等效A声级与主观响度存在线性相关,与声舒适度关系呈抛物线趋势变化。研究中还发现,各个独立声源的特点也各不相同。例如背景音乐声和广播声可以增加主观声舒适度,而店铺音乐声和叫卖声在不同程度上降低了主观声舒适度。另外,本文从主观响度、清晰度和节奏感三个方面对独立声源的声舒适度亦进行了研究。
使用者是地下商业街声景研究的主体。本文对使用者的性别、年龄、收入、学历和职业等社会特征之间的关系在文中进行了分析,并且发现收入、学历和职业与主观响度或声舒适度存在相关性,其中收入对主观声舒适度的影响最大。此外,使用者光顾地下商业街中的目的、频率、时间和同伴人数等行为特征也各不相同,这些因素与主观响度和声舒适度的关系,亦在文中做了相关分析阐述。
空间环境作为联系使用者与声音的桥梁,是声景研究的载体。在空间方面,本文发现空间类型、使用功能、混响感受和人群密度等空间因素对主观响度和声舒适度存在影响。在环境方面,湿度、照度等环境因素与主观响度和声舒适度存在相关性,而温度对主观响度和声舒适度的无影响或影响很小。对于温度、湿度、照明和视觉的舒适度对主观响度和声舒适度的影响,在文中亦给予了讨论。
为了方便设计师在方案阶段对地下商业街的声环境能做出合适的把握,本文结合声音、使用者、空间和环境对于主观响度和声舒适度的影响,建立了三类基于BP神经网络的地下商业街主观响度和声舒适度的预测模型,即通用模型、独立模型和分组模型。这三类模型中,通用模型的概括性强,但预测效果低;独立模型预测效果好,但具有局限性;分组模型对建筑设计师最具有实际的意义,预测效果适中。为了与BP网络模型的预测效果对比,亦建立了基于统计学的序列逻辑回归预测模型。这个模型的预测效果尚可,但不如BP神经网络的效果好。
在发展低碳经济和建设和谐社会的背景下,地下商业街声景研究与预测的结果必将为地下商业街声环境的改善提供全新的设计理念。
Currently, a great number of population and shortage of land are main causes of impeding the rapid development of urbanization in China, while the development and utilizing of underground shopping streets can mitigate that problem. During the design and usage of the underground shopping streets, the sound environment quality is more and more valued by users. How to make the designers and managers improve the sound environment of underground shopping streets effectively is the focus of this paper which is concerned with the analysis of subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation. Subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation are belong to soundscape research field, involving some factors such as sound, the users, space and environment, thus,it is particularly important to clarify the relationships between those factors and the subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation.
This paper chose five typical underground shopping streets in Harbin as the survey sites, and the questionnaire surveys that conclude the relationships of the sounds, the users, the environment and the space were send in these case study sites. Ultimately more than 2,800 copies of valid questionnaire surveys were turned back. What's more, temperature, relative humidity, luminance, sound pressure level and users’density have also been investigated. Thus more comprehensive material of the sounds in the underground shopping streets, the users, the space and environment were grasped.
Sounds and the sound sources are not only the objects of the research of the underground shopping street soundscape , but also an important part of the soundscape. Under the surveys it found that in the complex sound environment, measured LAeq has a liner correlation with the subjective loudness, and the relationship between measured LAeq and acoustic comfort evaluation changes in parabolic trend. The study also found that the characteristics of each independent source is also different. For examples, background music and PA system can increase the acoustic comfort, while music from shops and venders' shouting will reduce the acoustic comfort. Futhermore, this paper analysed acoustic comfort of the individual sound sources from three aspects: the subjective loudness, intelligibility and sense of rhythm respectively.
Users are the subject of the research of the underground shopping streets soundscape. In this paper, the relationships of social characteristics– users’gender, age, income, education and occupation– are analysed and found that income, education and occupation have correlation with subjective loudness or acoustic comfort evaluation, in which income has the most effect on acoustic comfort evaluation. And then, the behavioural characteristics such as the purpose of the users, frequency, time and the number of companions are different, in this paper, the correlation between those behavioural characteristics and subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation is also concerned.
As a bridge between the users and the sound, the space and environment is the carrier of the soundscape research. In space aspect, it found that space factors such as the type of space, functionality, feelings of reverberation and users’density effect subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation. In the environmental aspect, humidity and illumination have correlation with subjective loudness or acoustic comfort evaluation, conversely, the temperature has nearly no effect on them. In this paper, the correlation between those factors and subjective loudness or acoustic comfort is also discussed.
To facilitate the designers to make a suitable sound environment of underground shopping streets during design period, this paper set up three types of models for predicting subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation based on BP neural network, which combined the effect of sounds, users, space and environment to subjective loudness and acoustic comfort evaluation. They are general models, individual models and group models respectively. In these three models, the general models have the best generality, but the least predictive effect; individual models do well in predicting, but limitations; group models are the most useful for the architectures, and have moderate forecasting effect. To compare with the BP network model, the models based on ordinal logistic regression (OLR) are also set up, but they are less effective than BP neural network.
Under the background developing of low carbon economy and building a harmonious society, underground shopping streets soundscape research and predictive results will provide a new design view to the improvement of the underground shopping streets.
引文
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