摘要
当前，污泥处理处置已成为我国污水处理领域亟待解决的难题之一，特别是小城镇污水处理厂，由于其处理规模小、水质水量不稳定，导致污泥产量少，且性质不稳定，迫切需要开发一种简易、高效、低成本的污泥处理技术和装备。针对小城镇污水处理厂污泥处理的问题，笔者所在课题组研发了污泥浓缩消化一体化反应器，并进行了小试反应器的三代改良，在流态模拟和优化的基础上，设计出中试反应器。论文对中试反应器开展试验研究，获得了最优运行工况，同时针对中试反应器的弊端，进行改进，设计出生产性试验反应器，并在重庆大渡口污水处理厂进行生产性试验，研究了反应器对污泥的浓缩和消化效果、污泥中重金属稳定效果以及反应器内微生物种群多样性分布。研究取得的主要成果有：
①以NaCl为示踪剂，采用阶跃法进行了中试流态试验，试验表明：在没有气体搅拌的条件下，反应器内室下部和底部的无因次方差（σ_θ~2）分别为0.63、0.67，而中上部和中下部的σ_θ~2分别为0.34、0.44；气体回流量分别为8L/min、12L/min、16L/min时，内室顶部到底部的无因次方差分别为0.60-0.63、0.64-0.68、0.65-0.66，内室的流态趋于完全混合流。为达到内室完全混合的目的，并考虑到运行成本，故采用12.0L/min作为气体回流量。
②中温（35±2℃）条件进行中试研究，考察了污泥投配率为12%、18%、24%、30%的运行效果，结果表明：污泥投配率为24%时反应器的单位产沼气量最高，为325L/KgVS，其中CH4含量为62.7%。污泥的VS/TS由25%降到20%，含水率由99%降到93%，污泥的浓缩消化效果明显。
③常温（25-35℃）条件进行生产性试验研究，考察了污泥投配率为10%、15%、20%、24%的运行效果，结果表明：污泥投配率为15%时，反应器的单位产沼气量最高，为110.5L/kgVS，其中CH4含量达61.4%。采用甲烷势自动测试系统对污泥比产甲烷活性（SMA）进行了测试，在15%的工况下SMA为20.5mgCODCH/gVSS·d。污泥VS/TS由36%降到29%，含水率由98.5降到91%，污泥的浓缩和消化效果明显。
④采用BCR重金属形态提取法，对生产性试验过程中反应器内重金属的稳定效果进行了研究，结果表明：和进泥相比，排泥中Cu、Mn、Pb、Cd的酸溶态/可交换态含量分别降低了73.6%、32%、40.7%、19%，Ni的酸溶态/可交换态含量增加了27.6%，Zn、Cd的可氧化态含量分别增加了37%、55%。Fe的可还原态含量降低了30.5%。处理后，污泥中Mn、Cd、Zn的潜在迁移能力下降，污泥重金属的有效态（酸溶态/可交换态和可还原态）转化成相对稳定的金属形态（可氧化态和残渣态）。
⑤采用PCR-DGGE技术对生产性试验反应器内微生物种群多样性分布进行了研究，结果表明：反应器内室和外室以及排泥区微生物均呈多样性分布，细菌种类较多。排泥区同种菌群的细菌数量比内室更加丰富。负荷的改变不会使微生物的种群多样性发生变化。内室中微生物的种群组成要多于外室，验证了内外室在功能上的差异。另外反应器内室和普通消化池有共同的细菌菌种，并且内室还具有四种特异性菌群，验证了污泥浓缩消化一体化反应器有较好的污泥处理效果。
研究成果为污泥浓缩消化一体化反应器的工程设计、启动和运行提供了较系统的理论和技术支撑，对推动污泥浓缩消化一体化处理技术的工程化应用具有重要意义。
Currently, sludge treatment and disposal has become one of the urgent problemspresented in the field of wastewater treatment, especially in small towns of China. Dueto the unstable quantity and quality of inflows in wastewater treatment plants (WWPTs)in small towns, which result in a low sludge production and the unsteady properties, it isrequired that some simple, cost-effective and innovative sludge treatment technologiesand facilities should be developed. Aiming at the problems in sludge treatment in smalltowns, our research team has developed an integrated sludge thickening and digestionreactor. Three generations of the reactor have been modified and improved successfullythrough investgiations of small-scale experiments. Moreover, on the basis of thenumeric simulation and optimization of flow condition, the pilot-scale reactor has beendeveloped. Study on the pilot-scale experiment has been carried out in a WWPT.Optimized operation conditions have been obtained and the disadvantages of the reactorhave been analyzed simultaneously. After improvement of the pilot-scale reactor, thefull-scale reactor has been developed and studied in Dadukou WWPT of Chongqing.The efficiency of sludge thickening and digestion, stabilization of heavy metals andmacrobiotic population diversities in the full-scale reactor have been investigated andstudied. The results are shown as follows,
①The flow test is carried out to study the characteristics of flow condition in thepilot-scale reactor using NaCl as tracer. The results illustrate that the dimensionlessvarianceσ (σ_θ~2) in the lower section and base of inner reactor are0.63,0.67and0.34,0.44in the upper section and mid-upper section under no gas recirculation. The innerreactor from upper section to base under8L/min,12L/min and16L/min are0.60-0.63,0.64-0.68, and0.65-0.66, respectively. And the flow condition has a tendency to amixing flow condition completely. For the purpose of completely mixing in innerreactor and the operation cost,12.0L/min of gas flow has been adopted in the operationtest of the pilot-scale reactor.②The efficiency of sludge treatment of the pilot-scale under mesospheric
condition（35±2℃）is studied under four different excess sludge inflows of12%,18%,24%, and30%. The results indicate that the biogas production per unit (325L/kgVS)under sludge inflow of24%is the highest. The methane content of biogas is62.7%.VS/TS has been dropped down from25%to20%and the water content in the outlet sludge has been decreased from99%to93%. The efficiency of sludge thickening anddigestion is better than that of thickener and digester in the WWPT.
③The efficiency of sludge treatment of the full-scale under ambient temperature（25-35℃）is studied under the four different excess sludge inflows of10%,15%,20%,and24%. The results demonstrate that the biogas production per unit (110.5L/kgVS)under sludge inflow of15%is the highest. The methane content of biogas is61.4%.VS/TS has been decreased from36%to29%and the water content in the outlet sludgehas been decreased from98.5%to91%. The specific methane activity of sludge under15%of sludge inflow is20.5and20.5mgCODCH/gVSS·d tested by automated methanepotential system.
④Chemical fraction of heavy metals in the full-scale reactor is studied bysequential extraction using the BCR method. Compared to the sewage sludge, thepercentage of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Cd in acid soluble/exchangeable fraction is reduced by73.6%,32.0%,40.7%,19.0%, respectively, whereas the percentage of Ni in acidsoluble/exchangeable fraction is increased by27.6%. The percentage of Fe in reduciblefraction is reduced by30.5%. The percentage of Zn and Cd in oxidizable fraction isincreased by37.0%and55.0%, respectively. The index of mobile ability about Mn, Cd,and Zn are reduced from0.68,0.62,0.92to0.53,0.50, and0.77. The results show thatafter the treatment of the full-scale reactor, the mobile and easily available heavy metalfractions (acid soluble/exchangeable and reducible fractions) are transformed mainlyinto the relatively stable heavy metal fractions (oxidizable and residual fractions).
⑤The microbial population diversity in the full-scale reactor has beeninvestigated by the PCR-DGGE technology. The results illustrate that microbialdiversity distribution is shown in the reactor. Amount of microbial in the area of outletsludge is more than that in the inner reactor, so the outlet sludge can be recircled intothe inner reactor to increase the amount of microbial. The microbial population diversityis similar under different inlet sludge ratios. In fact, the only difference is the quantity. Itis concluded that the microbial population diversity do not change with inlet sludgeratio. The microbial population diversity is more than that in the outer reactor, and it canbe concluded that there is functional difference between the inner reactor and outerreactor. The same microbial populations exist both in the inner reactor and anaerobicdigester, but four special microbial populations are found in the inner reactor.
The results from this study can be the basis of practical application for theintegrated sludge thickening and digestion reactor, including design, start-up and operating of reactor, which will be of great significance to engineering application ofintegrated sludge digestion and thickening processing technology in the future.
引文
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