摘要
不论气候变化是否由人类活动引起，气候变化所引起的后果已经日益显现。海洋作为地球上最大的缓冲体系和碳汇，海洋在为气候变化提供缓冲的同时，也受到了气候变化的显著影响。CO_2浓度升高、温度升高、UV-B辐射增强都是对海洋生态系统有着重要威胁的生态因子变化。作为海洋浮游生物类群的两大部分，浮游植物与浮游动物之间的相互作用对海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起着关键控制作用，对海洋生态系统的结构和功能起着重要的影响。因此，在气候变化的背景下研究有害赤潮与浮游动物的相互作用能够揭示气候变化对海洋浮游生物群落的影响过程与机制，能够为阐明气候变化对海洋生态系统的影响过程与机理提供理论依据和参考。本研究以常见海洋赤潮微藻赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)、壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus)为研究对象，以温度、CO_2浓度和UV-B辐射为典型气候因子，研究了气候变化胁迫下赤潮微藻与轮虫的相互作用。结果表明：
1.气候因子胁迫下轮虫对赤潮微藻的摄食
(1)温度升高胁迫下褶皱臂尾轮虫对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻的滤水率与摄食率的有显著变化，30°C达到最大值。温度升高胁迫下壶状臂尾轮虫对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻的滤水率与摄食率有显著变化，随着温度的升高，壶状臂尾轮虫对赤潮异弯藻的滤水率和摄食率呈现先升高后降的趋势，28°C处理组的滤水率最高，34°C处理组的滤水率最低。
(2) CO_2升高胁迫下褶皱臂尾轮虫对赤潮异弯藻的滤水率与滤食率有显著变化，摄食率呈现先升高后降低趋势。CO_2升高胁迫下褶皱臂尾轮虫对东海原甲藻的滤水率和摄食率有显著变化，褶皱臂尾轮虫对东海原甲藻滤水率和摄食率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。CO_2升高胁迫下壶状臂尾轮虫对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻滤水率和摄食率有显著变化。
(3) UV-B辐射增强胁迫下两种轮虫对赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻的滤水率和摄食率有显著变化，随UV-B辐射剂量的增加褶皱臂尾轮虫的滤水率和摄食率呈现逐渐下降的趋势。
2.气候因子胁迫下赤潮微藻对轮虫种群生长的影响
(1)当温度为24、26和30°C时，赤潮异弯藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响，且不利影响随赤潮异弯藻浓度升高而加强。温度升高胁迫下，赤潮异弯藻对壶状臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响，但28和30°C时不利影响未随赤潮异弯藻浓度的升高而加强。温度升高胁迫下，东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响，且不利影响随东海原甲藻浓度升高而加强。
(2)当CO_2浓度为0和100mL min~(-1)时，赤潮异弯藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响，且不利影响随赤潮异弯藻浓度的升高而增强。当CO_2浓度为300mL min~(-1)时，赤潮异弯藻对两种轮虫种群最大环境容纳量无显著影响。当CO_2浓度升高胁迫下，东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群最大环境容纳量有显著不利影响，当CO_2浓度为0和100mL min~(-1)时，不利影响随东海原甲藻浓度升高而加强。当CO_2浓度为0、100和300mL min~(-1)时，东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响，但当CO_2浓度为200mL min~(-1)时影响不显著。
(3)当UV-B辐射剂量为0、0.8和1.6kJ·m~(-2)时，赤潮异弯藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响。当UV-B辐射剂量为0、0.8和2.4kJ·m~(-2)时，赤潮异弯藻对壶状臂尾轮虫种群最大环境容纳量具有显著不利影响。在UV-B辐射增强胁迫下，东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群环境容纳量造成了显著不利影响，且不利影响随东海原甲藻浓度升高而增强。在UV-B辐射增强胁迫下，东海原甲藻对壶状臂尾轮虫的种群环境容纳量造成了显著不利影响，当UV-B辐射剂量为0和0.8kJ·m~(-2)时，不利影响随浓度升高而加强。
3.气候因子胁迫下赤潮微藻对轮虫种间竞争的影响
(1)温度升高胁迫下赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的种间竞争产生了显著影响。温度升高和赤潮异弯藻共同作用下，种群竞争结果由壶状臂尾轮虫获胜向不稳平衡方向发展；温度升高和东海原甲藻共同作用下，种群竞争结果由壶状臂尾轮虫获胜转变为共存。
(2) CO_2浓度升高胁迫下赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的种间竞争产生了显著影响。CO_2浓度升高和赤潮异弯藻共同作用下，种群竞争结果由壶状臂尾轮虫获胜向不稳平衡方向发展；CO_2浓度升高和东海原甲藻对种群竞争结果均有显著影响，但联合作用对种群竞争无显著影响。
(3) UV-B辐射增强胁迫下赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的种间竞争产生了显著影响。UV-B辐射增强对种群竞争结果有显著影响，但联合作用对种群竞争无显著影响。UV-B辐射增强和东海原甲藻共同作用下，种群竞争结果由壶状臂尾轮虫获胜向共存方向发展。
4.气候因子胁迫下赤潮微藻对轮虫发育的影响
(1)温度升高胁迫下赤潮异弯藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的发育过程产生了显著不利影响。实验温度范围内褶皱臂尾轮虫发育无显著变化，但在赤潮微藻存在的情况下温度变化对褶皱臂尾轮虫发育产生显著影响。与温度升高相比，东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的发育具有更大的影响，但温度升高能够影响东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的作用效果。
(2) CO_2浓度升高胁迫下赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫发育具有显著影响。CO_2浓度升高与赤潮赤潮微藻作为两种胁迫因素均具有重要影响。
(3)当UV-B辐射剂量为0和0.8kJ·m~(-2)时，赤潮异弯藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫发育具有显著影响，但是当UV-B辐射剂量为1.6kJ·m~(-2)时赤潮微藻影响不显著。UV-B辐射增强与东海原甲藻对壶状臂尾轮虫的发育均具有显著影响。
结果表明典型气候因子(温度、CO_2和UV-B辐射)变化情况下，赤潮异弯藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食、生长、竞争和发育情况发生了显著影响，表明气候变化影响了赤潮微藻与浮游动物的相互作用。
No matter whether climate change caused by human activities, the consequencesof climate change have been revealed. Ocean is the biggest buffer system and carbonsink in the earth, but it also under the threat of climate change. Elevated CO_2concentration and temperature as well as enhanced UV-B radiation are threateningmarine ecosystem. Marine phytoplankton and zooplankton are considered asimportant components of marine ecosystem, and the interaction between them plays akey role in material cycle and energy transportation as well as the structure andfunction of marine ecosystem. Therefore the investigation on the interaction betweenphytoplankton and zooplankton under the background of global climate change couldreveal the results of climate change affects marine plankton, and provide data toilluminate the process and mechanism on which the climate change affects marineecosystem. In the present study, bloom-forming microalgae (Heterosigma akashiwoand Prorocentrum donghaiense) and marine rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis andBrachionus urceus) were chose as study object, and temperature, CO_2concentrationand UV-B radiation as typical climatic factors, the study on the interaction betweenbloom-forming and marine rotifer under climate change condition was conducted.The results show that:
1. The feeding of rotifer on bloom-forming microalgae under climate changeconditions
(1) The rates of both ingestion and filtration have obvious differentes for B.plicatilis on H. akashiwo and P. donghaiense compared with the control groupswhich increased first and then decreased with elevated temperatures and CO_2concentration, and the similar result was obtained for B. urceus.
(2) Both the filtration and the ingestion rates gradually decreased with theenhancement of UV-B, and there are significant differences between treated andcontrol groups.
2. Effects of bloom-forming microalgae on population growth of rotifer underclimate change conditions
(1) The maximum environmental capacity(K) was intensively inhibited by H.akashiwo for two species rotifer when the environmental temperature was set as24,26and28℃. The adverse effect increased for B. plicatilis, but did not rise for B.urceus with the elvated concentrations of algae. P. donghaiense suppressed thepopulation growth of both rotifers and the negative influence turned more serious asthe temperature rose.
(2) The population growth of B. plicatilis and B. urceus was seriously repressedby H. akashiwo and the value of K decreased when the CO_2level was set at0mL min~(-1)and mL min~(-1), which seemed to be more severe as the concentration of CO_2elevated. But,there are no bad impacts when the CO_2level changed to300mL min~(-1).For P. donghaiense, the suppression exsited among all treated groups on the growth oftwo species.
(3) The population growth of B. plicatilis and B. urceus was seriously repressedby H. akashiwo and the value of K decreased when the UV-B radiation dose was set at0kJ·m~(-2)and0.8kJ·m~(-2), which seemed to be more severe as the dose of UV-Belevated for some treated groups.
3. Effects of bloom-forming microalgae on interspecific competition betweenrotifer under climate change conditions
(1) Two species harmful alga affected the competition between B. plicatilis and B.urceus as the temperature rose. The competition seemed to gradually shift from B.urceus winning to unstable balance in favor of B. plicatilis by a combination ofelevated temperature with H. akashiwo. The elevated temperature and P. donghaiensechanged the competition result from B. urceus winning to stable co-exist.
(2) Two species harmful alga affected the competition between B. plicatilis and B.urceus as the CO_2level rose. The competition seemed to gradually shift from B. urceus winning to unstable balance in favor of B. plicatilis by a combination ofelevated CO_2level with H. akashiwo. The elevated CO_2level and P. donghaiensechanged the competition result, separatly. However, the combination had no impact oncompetition.
(3) Two species harmful alga affected the competition between B. plicatilis and B.urceus as the dose of UV-B radiation rose. The competition seemed to gradually shiftfrom B. urceus winning to unstable balance in favor of B. plicatilis by UV-B radiation,but a combination of elevated UV-B radiation with H. akashiwo did not at work. Theelevated UV-B radiation and P. donghaiense contributed to change the competitionresult from B. urceus winning to stable co-exist.
4. Effects of bloom-forming microalgae on development of rotifer under climatechange conditions
(1) B. plicatilis and B. urceus suffered the adverse impact from the bloom-formingmicroalgae as the temperature rose. There were no differeces between treated andcontrol groups only considering the temperature, and then the addition of H. akashiwoposed the obvious effect occur to the development of the rotifers. The role of P.donghaiense played more importantly in the developmental effect than the elevatedtemperature, however the temperature could help a lot.
(2) B. plicatilis and B. urceus suffered the adverse impact from the bloom-formingmicroalgae as the CO_2concentration rose. The elevated CO_2concentration andbloom-forming microalgae affected the development as two stress factors
(3) The rotifer suffered the adverse impact from the bloom-forming microalgae asthe dose of UV-B radiation was set at0kJ·m~(-2)and0.8kJ·m~(-2), and there was nosignificant differense in1.6kJ·m~(-2)treated group. The elevated dose of UV-B radiationand bloom-forming microalgae affected the development as two stress factors
The results showed that H. akashiwo and P. donghaiense has influence on thefeeding, population growth and development of B. plicatilis and B. urceus underclimate changes, which suggested that the climate changes altered the interationbetween bloom-forming microalgae
引文
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