摘要
领事工作是外交工作密不可分的组成部分。保护海外本国公民及其利益是领事工作最基本的和最重要的内容。20世纪90年代以来,随着冷战的结束和计算机信息技术的突飞猛进,全球化深入发展。在此背景下,各主要发达国家都面临着出国人员增加,领事保护任务加重的问题。美国、英国、法国、德国、澳大利亚、加拿大、日本等国纷纷进行了包括领事保护机制改革在内的领事工作改革。值得注意的是,尽管各主要发达国家领事改革的具体内容各不相同,但各国在领事保护的工作方式和工作重心方面出现了趋同的变化,即:领事保护的工作方式从单一保护向多元参与转变,领事保护的工作重心从被动应对向主动预防转变。本文对这些变化产生的原因、变化的积极意义和变化所带来的问题进行了分析和评述,并将中国领事保护机制的发展与主要发达国家进行了比较。通过比较,作者发现中国领事保护机制的发展变化显示出与主要发达国家领事保护机制相似的变化趋势。但是,与主要发达国家相比,作为发展中国家,中国领事保护的预防机制和多元参与性还很薄弱,有很多值得改进之处。中国领事保护机制改革任重而道远。
Consular Affairs is an inalienable part of diplomacy. Protecting overseas citizens and their rights and interests is the fundamental function of consuls. Since 1990s, along with the end of the Cold War and rapid development of Information Technology, the world witnessed an accelerating development of globalization. Several major developed contries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia, Canada and Japan, while facing tougher task of consular protection, all conducted consular service reforms (including the reform of consular protection mechanism). Although specific measures and contents of the reform are different, similar trends in conslar protection mechasnism were found, which focuse on two aspects. First, players of consular protection increased dramatically, which means that unitary protection is being replaced by collective efforts and multiple participation. Second, the approach of consular protection changed from a passive model to a proactive one with crisis prevention as its core. This thesis made an analysis on the factors leading to these changes, positive outcomes of these changes and issues incurred. In the last part of this thesis, the author compared the reform of China’s consular protection mechanism with those of the major developed countries and drew a conclusion that China’s consular protection reform has taken a pretty similar path as those of the major developed countries. However, as a developing country, China has a long way to go in the field of consular protection mechanism construction, since there is still a big room for improvement in the appraoches of protection.
引文
①丘日庆主编:《领事法论》,上海社会科学院出版社,1996年版,第37-38页。
②上海交通大学编:《智慧的钥匙—钱学森论系统科学》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年版,第363页。
③【西班牙】曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》(夏铸九、王志宏等译),北京·社会科学文献出版社,2003年版,第119页。
①分别见[英]罗伯特·詹宁斯、阿瑟·瓦茨修订:《奥本海国际法》,上卷,第二分册(王铁崖、李适时、汤宗舜、周仁等译),北京·中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版。日本国际法学会编:《国际法辞典》(中文版总校订:外交学院国际法教研室),北京·世界知识出版社,1985年版。王铁涯主编:《中华法学大辞典(国际法卷)》,北京·中国检察出版社,1996年版。钱其琛主编:《世界外交大辞典》,北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版。[印度]B·森著,《外交人员国际法与实践指南》(周晓林、薛捍勤等译),北京·中国对外翻译出版公司,1987年版。
①Edwin M. Borchard, The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad, The Banks Law Publishing Co. New York, 1928.
②L.T.李:《领事法和领事实践》(傅铸译),北京·商务印书馆,1975年版。Luke. T. Lee, Consular Law and Practice,Second Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.
③薛典曾:《保护侨民论》,北京·商务印书馆,1937年版。
④丘日庆主编:《领事法论》,上海社会科学出版社,1996年版。
⑤梁宝山:《实用领事知识》,北京·世界知识出版社,2001年版。
⑥梁淑英:《论外交保护的条件》,载马呈元、王传丽等编著:《国际法律问题研究》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年版。
⑦万霞:《海外中国公民安全问题与国籍国的保护》,载《外交评论》,2006年第6期。
①Graham H. Stuart, American Diplomatic and Consular Practice, New York , London, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936. Charles Stuart Kennedy, The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service, 1776-1914, Greenwood Press,1990. Tracy Hollingsworth Lay, The Foreign Service of the United States, New York Prentice-Hall , Inc, 1925.
②Andrew L. Steigman, The Foreign Service of the United States: First Line of Defense, Westview Press, 1985
③William D. Morgan and Charles Stuart Kennedy, The U.S. Consul at Work, Greenwood Press, 1991
④Martin F Herz, The Consular Dimension of Diplomacy: A Symposium, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University Washington, D.C.,1983
①孙晓楼、赵颐年:《领事裁判权问题》,上海·商务印书馆,1937年版。李治民:《中国领事裁判权问题论》,昆明·北新书局,1934年版。郝立舆:《领事裁判权问题》,上海·商务印书馆,1933年版。此外,20世纪90年代还有:吴孟雪:《美国在华领事裁判权百年史》,北京·社会科学文献出版社,1992年版。
②庄国土:《华侨华人与中国的关系》,广州·广东高等教育出版社,2001年版。庄国土:《中国封建政府的华侨政策》,厦门大学出版社,1989年版。石汉荣:《探解中国侨务》,香港·中国评论学术出版社,2004年版。
③【澳大利亚】颜清湟,《出国华工与清朝官员——晚清时期中国对海外华人的保护(一八五一—一九一一年)》(粟明鲜、贺跃夫译),北京·中国友谊出版社,1990年版。
④“新中国领事实践”编写组:《新中国领事实践》,北京·世界知识出版社,1991年版。
①万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,载《世界经济与政治》,2007年第5期。
②曾令良:《现代国际法的人本化发展趋势》,载《中国社会科学》2007年第1期。
③Antonio Augusto Cancado Trindade,“The Humanization of Consular Law: The Impact of Advisory Opinion No. 16(1999) of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on International Case-law and Practice”,Chinese Journal of International Law, 2007, Vol.6, No.1.
①尹生:《欧盟公民的产生与现代国际法的发展》,载《江汉论坛》,2004年第8期。
②Florian Geyer, The External Dimension of EU Citizenship: Arguing for Effective Protection of Citizens Abraod,Policy Brief of CEPS( Center For European Policy Studies), No.134, July ,2007, http://www.ecps.eu, 2007-11-5.
③Barbara Ensslin,“Responding to Crisis Abroad: The Consular Affairs Role”, Foreign Service Journal, February 2003.
④Rachel Briggs, Travel Advice: Getting Information to Those Who Need it,2002,Foreign Policy Center, UK, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/72.pdf, 2007-8-20.
⑤夏莉萍:《试析近年来中国领事保护机制的新发展》,载《国际论坛》,2005年第3期。
⑥夏莉萍:《美英领事保护预警机制的特点及对我国的启示》,载《外交评论》,2006年第1期。
①《新中国领事实践》编写组:《新中国领事实践》,第1页。
②英文解释是:A person appointed by a government to protect and help its citizens and its interests in trade in a foreign city,参见《朗文当代英语大辞典》,北京·商务印书馆,2004年6月第1版,第368页。
③关于领事的分类和级别可以参见《维也纳领事关系公约》第一条第二款和第九条第一款。
①钱其琛主编:《世界外交大辞典》,第1215-1216页。
②中华人民共和国外交部:《中国领事保护和协助指南》(2007年版),http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/lsfw/lsbh/t353596.htm#3, 2007-8-15。
③同注①,第1215页。
①钱其琛主编:《世界外交大辞典》,第1215-1216页。
②加拿大外交和国际贸易部副部长V. Peter Harder的致辞,见Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada: Consular Service, A Framework of Operations, January 2007,http://www.voyage.gc.ca/main/about/docs/Framework%20of%20Operations%20EN.PDF, 2007-9-10.
③National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.1, 2007-8-17.
①http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/emergencies/emergencies_1212.html, 2007-12-20.
②外交学院国际法系副教授万霞认为,领事保护,也称领事协助,是指一国的领事机构、领事官员或领事代表,根据本国的国家利益和对外政策,于国际法许可的限度内,在接受国同意的范围内,保护派遣国及其国民的权利和利益的行为。见万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,上引报刊,第37页。
①日本国际法学会编:《国际法辞典》,第188页。
①王铁涯主编:《中华法学大辞典(国际法卷)》,第572页。
②梁淑英:《论外交保护的条件》,上引论文集,第216页。
③具体可参见:http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/reports/2003/chinese/chp5.pdf,2007-12-20.
①瑞士外交部网站:http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/topics/intla/cintla/dicopr.html, 2007-8-5.
②[印度]B·森:《外交人员国际法与实践指南》,第206页。
③[英]劳特派特修订:《奥本海国际法》,上卷,第二分册,第278页。
④Edwin M. Borchard, p.436.
①[印度]B·森:《外交人员国际法与实践指南》,第184页。
②L.T.李:《领事法和领事实践》,第36页。
③例如,菲律宾的劳务输出举世闻名,菲律宾政府鼓励在海外菲律宾人大量聚居的地方建立海外菲律宾人学校。学校按与菲律宾国内学校一样的课程表进行教学,目的是使海外菲律宾人的子女回到菲律宾后能立刻与跟上国内的教育体系。菲律宾驻外领事们经常参加学校的各种活动,为建立这样的学校提供便利也被列为领事保护海外国民的一项职责。菲律宾外交部网站:Office of the President, Commission on Filipinos Overseas,《Handbook for Filipinos Overseas》7th edition, September, 2005. http://www.cfo.gov.ph/handbook7th.pdf, p.109-110., 2007-7-20.
①参见万霞:《海外中国公民安全问题与国籍国的保护》,上引报刊,第103-104页。在该文所列的表格的基础上根据笔者自己的理解有所改动。
②“欧盟集体保护”的出现实际上已突破了传统的国家与被保护的国民之间的国籍联系,具体见第二章。
③钱其琛主编:《世界外交大辞典》,第1215页。
④万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,上引报刊,第37页。
①“李肇星就赵燕受侵犯与鲍威尔通电话”,http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/8212/35873/,2005-12-15.
②中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编:《现代汉语词典》,北京·商务印书馆,1986年版,第523页。
①中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编:《现代汉语词典》,第1492页。
②王逸舟:《当代国际政治析论》,上海人民出版社,1995年版,第369页。
③王逸舟对制度和机制两个词的含义所做的比较,具体可见其著作《西方国际政治学:历史与理论》,上海人民出版社,1998年版,第394-398页。
④王舟逸认为,中文里的“制度”可以有order, system , mechanism , regime, institution , norm等多种英文译法,但在英文中,这些概念的意义有时接近,有时差别却相当大。中国人讲制度,尤其当与政治和国际关系相联时,往往具有“政治体制”、“根本规定”、“重要典章”、“法理体系”等含义;在此意义上,它比较接近英文里的constitutional regime, social order, political system等概念。而institution这个词,既可以包含“根本性的制度法规、国家的重大制度”,又可以包括“普通的机制、具体的规定和次一级的规定”,还可以含有“细小的安排、琐碎的程序、日常的规范”等意思。见王逸舟:《西方国际政治学:历史与理论》,第394-398页。
⑤钱其琛主编:《世界外交大辞典》,第1225页。
①丘日庆主编:《领事法论》,第37-38页。
②为了行文方便,并突出20世纪90年代前后领事保护机制特点的不同,本文将20世纪90年代以前的领事保护机制称为传统领事保护机制。
③L.T.李:《领事法和领事实践》,第5页。
④[印度]B·森:《外交人员国际法与实践指南》,第179页。
⑤同注③,第5页。
⑥同注③,第6页。
⑦Graham H. Stuart, p.24.
①Harold Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method, Constable & Co Ltd, 1954, p.8.
②Edwin M. Borchard, p.33.
③Ibid. , p.3-4.
④“新中国领事实践”编写组:《新中国领事实践》,第3页。
⑤William D. Morgan and Charles Stuart Kennedy, p.2.
⑥[英]劳特派特修订:《奥本海国际法》,上卷第二分册,第276页。
⑦[印度]B·森:《外交人员国际法与实践指南》,第180页。
⑧Graham H. Stuart, p.23
①在英、美国际法著作里和国际文件中,同一指称领事裁判权,于普通使用的Extraterritorial Jurisdiction外,也使用Exterritoriality, Extraterritoriality, Extraterritorial Privileges, Extraterritorial Rights, Capitulations, Capitulatory Rights和Consular Jrisdiction等名词,甚至在同一处这些名词同时并用。见周鲠生:《国际法》,上册,北京·商务印书馆,1976年版,第304页注释50。
②属人管辖指根据国际法一国所享有的对具有本国国籍的人进行管辖的权利,无论该本国人处于何地。《奥本海国际法》指出,进入一国领土的外国人“仍然受他们本国的保护,根据这一普遍承认的国际法的习惯规则,每一个国家对于在国外的本国公民享有保护的权利”。见[英]劳特派特修订:《奥本海国际法》,上卷,第1分册,北京·中国大百科全书出版社,1995年,第173页。
③周鲠生:《国际法》,下册,北京·商务印书馆,1976年版,第572页。
④Harold Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method, Constable & Co Ltd, 1954, p.41.
⑤L.T.李:《领事法和领事实践》,第8页。
①[英]劳特派特修订:《奥本海国际法》,上卷,第二分册,第171页。
②同注①,第8-9页。
③Edwin M. Borchard, p.406.
④Ibid., p.433.
⑤Ibid.
⑥Ibid., p.469.
①Charles Stuart Kennedy, p.2.
②参见梁宝山:《实用领事知识》,第157页。
③周鲠生:《国际法》,下册,第572页。
④[英]戈尔—布思主编,杨立义、曾寄萍、曾浩等译:《萨道义外交实践指南》,上海译文出版社,1984年版,第304-305页。
⑤[印度]B·森:《外交人员国际法与实践指南》,第181页。
①David B. Warden, On the Origin, Nature, Progress, and Influence of Consular Establishments, Paris: Smith, 1813, P.181.
②Charles Stuart Kennedy, p.22.
③Competitor Case in Cuba, 1896, Foreign Relations, 1896, pp.711-746.
④Foreign Relations, 1898, 1137. Graham H. Stuart, p.408.
⑤Moore’s Digest.VI, p.921.转引自Edwin M. Borchard, p.409.
⑥Thos. W. Cridler, Third Asst. Sec’y to the consular officers in Mexico, Central America and South America, August 25, 1898.转引自Edwin M. Borchard, p.400.
①Graham H. Stuart,p.408.
②Ludwig Biewer, The History of the German Foreign Office, An Overview, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/AAmt/Geschichte/GeschichteAApdf.pdf,p.2-4, 2007-8-20.
③[英]劳特派特修订:《奥本海国际法》上卷第二分册,第277页。
④Charles Stuart Kennedy, Preface.
⑤Andrew L. Steigman, pp.17-19.
①Andrew L. Steigman, pp.20-21.
②Ibid.
③Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy, pp.115-116.
①http://untreaty.un.org/,2007-10-28..
②万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,上引报刊,第41页。
②万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,上引报刊,第41页。
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1994, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1994/c3.html#2, 2007-9-8.
②Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2002, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2002/chap5-c.pdf, p.207, 2007-9-8.
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2004, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2004/chap5.pdf, p.240, 2007-9-8.
④Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2005, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch4.pdf, p.233, 2007-9-8.
⑤US Department of State, The Inman Report of the Secretary of State's Advisory Panel on Overseas Security ,http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/inman/index.html, 2007-9-20.
①American Foreign Service Association, A Consular Strategy For The Future, Policy Statement, October 17, 1996, http://www.afsa.org/diplmcy/consularfull.cfm, 2007-8-10.
②“Todays CA is a completely transformed world.”, American Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs Maura Harty Remarks to Participants in Foreign Affairs Day 2007,May 4, 2007:,http://travel.state.gov/law/legal/testimony/testimony_3756.html, 2007-9-20
③U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 011,01-11-2007, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2006 , http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/FCO_DeptRep2006_Chapter2,0.pdf, p.21, 2007-8-17.
⑤The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.9, 2007-8-17.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1993 - 1994, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/93_94/2_2.html, 2007-9-2.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2005-2006, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/downloads/full_ar_2005-06.pdf, p..8, 2007-9-2.
③French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Report on activities in 2001, www.diplomatie.gouv.fr, 2007-10-4.
④Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada: Consular Service, A Framework of Operations, January 2007,http://www.voyage.gc.ca/main/about/docs/Framework%20of%20Operations%20EN.PDF, p.1, 2007-9-10.根据英文字典的解释,Mandate的意思是:“The right and power given to a government , or any body of people chosen to represent others, to act according to the wishes of those who voted for it.”,参见《朗文当代英语大词典》,商务印书馆2004年6月第1版,第1070页。
⑤关于领事保护预防和应急机制的改革将在第三节详细论述。
⑥American Foreign Service Association , A Consular Strategy For The Future, Policy Statement, October 17, 1996, ,http://www.afsa.org/diplmcy/consularfull.cfm, 2007-8-10.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf, p.118, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/DeptReport2004_Chapter6.pdf, p.108, 2007-8-17.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, p.21, 2007-8-17
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010,p.17, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, 2007-8-17.
②Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2002, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2002/chap5-c.pdf, p.207, 2007-9-8.
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2003, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2003/chap4-b.pdf, p.215, 2007-9-8.
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2004, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2004/chap5.pdf , p.240, 2007-9-2.参见Reform of Consular Affairs and New Approaches on Issues of Foreigners in the Changing World ,October 2004 ,Report of the Council on the Movement of People Across Borders , http://globalwarming.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/consular.pdf, 2007-9-2.
②Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2005, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch4.pdf, p.233, 2007-9-2.
①French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Report on activities in 2003, PDF,http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/, p.14, 2007-10-4.
②Germany State Secretary, Dr. Gunter Pleuger, Reform of the German Foreign Service: Coping with new diplomatic Challenges in the 21st Century, An Initiative of the Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, June 2002.p.3
③Ibid., p.8
④National Audit Office, The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office: Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.32, 2007-8-17.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.120, 2007-8-17.
②Ibid.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/DeptReport2004_Chapter6.pdf , p.118, 2007-8-17.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf , p.14, 2007-8-17.
⑤Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1998-1999, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/98_99/html/programs/subprog22.htm, 2007-9-2.
⑥Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1999-2000, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/00_01/s02/02_2-1_effect.html , 2007-9-2.
⑦Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2001-2002, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/01_02/pdf/dfat_ar_full.pdf, p.9, 2007-9-2.
①Germany State Secretary, Dr. Gunter Pleuger, Reform of the German Foreign Service: Coping with new diplomatic Challenges in the 21st Century, An Initiative of the Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, June 2002.p.28-29
②French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Report on activities in 2001, www.diplomatie.gouv.fr, 2007-10-4.
③French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Report on activities in 2003, PDF,http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/, p.9, 2007-10-4.
④Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book2004, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2004/chap6.pdf, p.257, 2007-9-8.
⑤Ibid., p.252.
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 044, 06-06-2005, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm.
②Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada: Consular Service, A Framework of Operations,January 2007,http://www.voyage.gc.ca/main/about/docs/Framework%20of%20Operations%20EN.PDF, p.6, 2007-9-20.
③Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 1998-1999, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/98_99/html/programs/subprog22.htm, 2007-9-2.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2001, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part3services.pdf, p.18, 2007-8-17.
⑤The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 1999, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part8consular.pdf, p.62, 2007-8-17.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.108, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.19, 2007-8-17.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office,FCO Departmental Report 1999,p.64 and FCO Departmental Report 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part7consular.pdf, p.98, 2007-8-17.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1997, p.23.
⑤The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1998, p.27.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office,Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.15, 2007-8-17.
②Canadian Office of the Inspector General, Review of Consular Affairs, (November 2004),http://www.international.gc.ca/department/auditreports/evaluation/evalConsularAffairs04-en.asp, 2007-9-10.
③The British National Audit Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Joint findings on lessons to be learned from the handling of the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami. October 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/tsunami_ll_report.594.pdf, p. 29, 2007-8-17.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 2003-2004, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/03_04/downloads/DFAT_AR_03-04.pdf, P.153, 2007-9-2.
②例如,澳大利亚和加拿大之间有正式的领事合作协议,澳大利亚和英国和美国,有非正式的协议,在特殊情况下,英、美两国的领事可以向澳大利亚公民提供领事协助。参见:Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2001-2002, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/01_02/pdf/dfat_ar_full.pdf,p.134, 2007-9-2.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, p.21, 2007-8-17.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.31,2007-8-17.
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protectionof U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 1813.2、7 FAM 1813.4-7, 07-26-2006, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 1821,07-26-2006, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
②根据美国刑法(Criminal Code),美国联邦调查局负责调查涉及到美国国民的绑架和人质事件。此类事件的受害人和受害人家属,有权享有联邦调查局提供的服务。联邦调查局的协助受害人办公室(Office for Victim Assistance, OVA)负责与犯罪受害人及其家人联络。
③U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 1825.1,07-26-2006, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
④U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 1873.6,07-26-2007, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
⑤U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 026, 06-06-2005, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 1827,07-26-2006, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
②U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 1831,05-30-2007, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
③National Audit Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Joint findings on lessons to be learned from the handling of the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, October 2005. p. 23 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/tsunami_ll_report.594.pdf, 2007-8-17.
④Ibid., p. 24.
①National Audit Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Joint findings on lessons to be learned from the handling of the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, October 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/tsunami_ll_report.594.pdf, p. 25, 2007-8-17.
②Ibid., p. 27.
③Ibid., pp. 23-24.
④Ibid.. p.16-17.
⑤指Centrelink,人类服务部下属的一家服务机构,主要负责接听电话,处理问询事宜。
⑥Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.152, 2007-9-2.
⑦Kenyon国际紧急服务公司是救灾协调服务的世界领先者,自1929年以来就一直从事灾难救助工作,在休士顿、伦敦、和新加坡等地设有办事处,处理过2001年世界贸易大楼事件、2004年海啸、2005年卡特里娜飓风和上百起空难事件。网址为:http://www.kenyoninternational.com/aboutkenyon.html.
①National Audit Office. Foreign and Commonwealth Office,Joint findings on lessons to be learned from the handling of the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, October 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/tsunami_ll_report.594.pdf, p.31, 2007-8-17.
②强制婚姻指强迫婚姻当事人一方或双方违背自己的意愿结婚,这属于严重违反人权的行为。英国外交部每年处理大约250起强制婚姻案例。此类案件大部分发生在巴基斯坦、孟加拉等南亚国家。多数情况下强制婚姻的受害者是巴基斯坦裔或孟加拉裔女性(英国公民),常为未成年女子,她们被带到这些国家被迫与当地的男子结婚。参见:National Audit Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.33, 2007-8-17.
①Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Consular Work Annual Review 2001, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/report2001.pdf, p.9, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office,FCO Departmental Report 2005, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/13deprept05_consular.pdf, p.166, 2007-8-17.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/DeptReport2004_Chapter6.pdf , p.117, 2007-8-17.
④这里的国际儿童绑架案指跨国婚姻家庭中的儿童被非美国公民的父母亲一方带到美国境外,父母亲的另一方(美国公民)要求国务院和美国驻外使领馆帮助找回自己的孩子。
⑤“International Child Abduction and International Adoption”,Maura Harty, Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs,Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,Washington, DC, June 26, 2003,http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/othertstmy/32995.htm, 2007-9-20.
①Testimony of Maura Harty,Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Consular Affairs,Department of State, Before the House Committee on International Relations, June 22, 2004, http://travel.state.gov/law/legal/testimony/testimony_795.html, 2007-9-20.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1997, p.16.
③Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1999-2000, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/00_01/s02/02_2-1_effect.html, 2007-9-2.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2002-2003, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/02_03/downloads/AR_DFAT_2002-03.pdf, p.140, 2007-9-2.
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1992, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1992/1992-2-3.htm#3.%20Japanese%20Abroad, 2007-9-8.
②Diplomatic Blue Book 2006, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/16.pdf, p.239-240, 2007-9-8.
③Ibid. p.242-244.
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, pp.16-17, 2007-8-17.
②The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.15 , 2007-8-17.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2005, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/13deprept05_consular.pdf, p.166, 2007-8-17.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2006 ,http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/FCO_DeptRep2006_Chapter2,0.pdf, p.23, 2007-8-17.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.163, 2007-9-2.
②Germany State Secretary, Dr. Gunter Pleuger, Reform of the German Foreign Service: Coping with new diplomatic Challenges in the 21st Century, An Initiative of the Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, June 2002.p.30-31
③Japan Diplomatic Blue Book 2006, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/16.pdf , p.232, 2007-9-8.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 2003-2004, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/03_04/downloads/DFAT_AR_03-04.pdf,P.150, 2007-9-2.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1997-1998, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/97_98/pdf_files/part_c2.pdf, p.137, 2007-9-2.
②2003年9月,考虑到情况的变化,主要是互联网用户的增加和旅行建议内容的复杂化,尤其是公众对服务的期望值增高,一体化声音识别电话服务系统(Integrated Voice Recognition Telephony Service)已经不能满足需要,所以决定中止使用这套系统,改为使用现在电话服务外包的形式。这套一体化声音识别电话服务系统总共花费了353,473英镑。The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/DeptReport2004_Chapter6.pdf , p.112, 2007-8-17.
③Ibid.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.151, 2007-9-2.
⑤1978年成立,原名为National Council for the Welfare of Prisoners Abroad,1980年4月24日注册成为慈善机构。2001年该名为现名。该组织的宗旨为:保障在国外被拘禁的英国公民的福利和基本人权,并在他们回到英国后帮助他们从新开始生活。该组织不仅为在国外被关押的英国公民及其家人服务,也为从海外监狱释放回国的英国公民服务。该组织不对其客户做道德判断,不管他们是否有罪,是否被判刑,只根据需要帮助他们。目前,该组织在全球80多个国家为1000多名英国囚犯服务。详细情况可参见该组织的网站http://www.prisonersabroad.org.uk/.
①Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1994-95, p.6.
②专门为遭遇国际父母绑架儿童事件的有关方面提供信息和支持的英国慈善机构。1986年成立,1990年注册成为慈善机构。该机构的部分资金来源于英国外交部宪法事务司(Department for Constitutional Affairs),还就具体项目接受慈善捐款并同时独立筹集资金。网址为:http://www.reunite.org/
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 1999, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part8consular.pdf,p.64 and FCO Departmental Report 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part7consular.pdf, p.96, 2007-8-17.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2006 ,http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/FCO_DeptRep2006_Chapter2,0.pdf, p.23. 2007-8-17.
⑤The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part7consular.pdf, p.96, 2007-8-17.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 1999, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part8consular.pdf,p.64 and FCO Departmental Report 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part7consular.pdf, p.98, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1994-95, p.12.
③The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.33, 2007-8-17.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/DeptReport2004_Chapter6.pdf, p.115, 2007-8-17.
⑤该组织由当地的一组企业家发起成立于1992年。主要帮助当地孟加拉裔社区解决社会不平等问题、种族歧视、侵犯人权的问题。该组织的网址:http://www.nbct.org.uk/
⑥The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2001,http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part9consular.pdf, p.90, 2007-8-17.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 2003-2004, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/03_04/downloads/DFAT_AR_03-04.pdf, P.152, 2007-9-2.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.149,2007-9-2.
③Article 20, Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Official Journal of the European Union, 29.12.2006, C321 E/50.
④Commission of the European Communities, Diplomatic and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries,Brussels, 28.11.2006,COM(2006)712 final,GREEN PAPER,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0712:EN:NOT, 2007-9-16.
①For a European Civil Protection Force:Europe Aid, Report by Michel Barnier http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/rapport_barnier_en.pdf, p.7, 2007-9-16.
②Ibid.
①For a European Civil Protection Force:Europe Aid, Report by Michel Barnier http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/rapport_barnier_en.pdf, p.7, 2007-9-16.
②Ibid., p.21
③Ibid., p.22
④Ibid. p.23
⑤报告解释道,选择这四个地区作为试点是基于以下三方面的考虑:这四个地区的欧盟成员国驻外使领馆的数量、欧洲旅游者的人数和欧盟委员会代表团的数量。
①For a European Civil Protection Force:Europe Aid, Report by Michel Barnier http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/rapport_barnier_en.pdf, p.24-25, 2007-9-16.
②Commission of the European Communities, Diplomatic and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries,Brussels, 28.11.2006,COM(2006)712 final,GREEN PAPER,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0712:EN:NOT, 2007-9-16.
①Edwin M. Borchard, p.402.
②The Vice Consul at Chungking ( McGeary) to All American Citizens in the Chungking Consular District, Foreign Relations of the United States 1949, Vol. IX, U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington, 1974, pp.1250-1251.
③[英]埃里克·克拉克:《外交官生涯》(杨修、祖源译),北京·世界知识出版社,1985年版,第158页。
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.10, 2007-8-17.
②资料来源:Rand Europe,International Review of Consular Services, Vol.II, June 23, 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/RAND_vol2, 2007-8-18.
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1987, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1987/1987-contents.htm, 2007-9-8.
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1993, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1993/1993-3.htm#(1)%20Increase%20in%20the%20Number%20of%20Japanese%20Tourists%20and%20Protection%20of%20Japanese%20Abroad, 2007-9-8.
②Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1998, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1998/V.html#B, 2007-9-8.
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1999, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1999/V-b.html, 2007-9-8.
④Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book2006, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/16.pdf, p239, 2007-9-8.
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2000, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2000/V-b.html, 2007-9-8.
②Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2001, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2001/chap4-b.html, 2007-9-8.
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2002, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2002/chap5-c.pdf, p.209, 2007-9-8.
④Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2003 , http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2003/chap4-b.pdf, p.215, 2007-9-8.
⑤Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2006 , http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/16.pdf, pp.239-240, 2007-9-8.
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2006 , http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/16.pdf, pp.239-240, 2007-9-8..
②Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, pp.7-8, 2007-8-17.
③数字来源:英国外交部各年领事工作年度报告。
①The Brititsh Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Consular Work Annual Review 2001, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/report2001.pdf, p.14, 2007-8-17..
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.112, 2007-8-17.
③Ibid., p.110.
④Ibid.
⑤The British National Audit Office,The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.16, 2007-8-17.
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.1, 2007-8-17.
②Ibid. , Foreword by British foreign secretary, Jack Straw. .
③Ibid., p.6
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid., pp.6-7
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, Foreword by British foreign secretary, Jack Straw, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, ,p.14,2007-8-17.
②U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 051.1, 7-13-2005,http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
③U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 051.3, 7-13-2005, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
④U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 054, 7-13-2005, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 055, 7-13-2005,http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
②U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 056, 7-13-2005,http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
③U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 053.1, 7-13-2005,http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
④资料来源:Rand Europe, International Review of Consular Services, Vol.II, June 23, 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/RAND_vol2.594.pdf , p.87, 2007-8-17.
①Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Consular Service, A Framework of Operations,January 2007,http://www.voyage.gc.ca/main/about/docs/Framework%20of%20Operations%20EN.PDF, p.1, 2007-9-10.
②French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Report on activities in 2001, www.diplomatie.gouv.fr, 2007-10-4.
③Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 2002-2003, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/02_03/downloads/AR_DFAT_2002-03.pdf, p.128, 2007-9-2.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.154, 2007-9-2.
⑤Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2002-2003, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/02_03/downloads/AR_DFAT_2002-03.pdf, p.128, 2007-9-2.
⑥Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2003-2004, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/03_04/downloads/DFAT_AR_03-04.pdf , p.8, 2007-9-2.
⑦Ibid.,p.147
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2003-2004, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/03_04/downloads/DFAT_AR_03-04.pdf , p.150, 2007-9-2.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2005-2006, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/downloads/full_ar_2005-06.pdf, p.7, 2007-9-2.
③Ibid.
④根据澳大利亚外交部年度报告整理。
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2004, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2004/chap5.pdf, p.240, 2007-9-8.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2001-2002, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/01_02/pdf/dfat_ar_full.pdf, p.134, 2007-9-2.递给每一位海外美国公民提供了可靠的有效的渠道。驻外使领馆在平时也可以利用民防队员网络传递使领馆工作时间变更、选举等其他信息。
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Consular Work Annual Review 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/report2000.pdf , p.10, 2007-8-17.
②The British National Audit Office,The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.46, 2007-8-17.
③The British National Audit Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Joint findings on lessons to be learned from the handling of the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, October 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/tsunami_ll_report.594.pdf, p.15, 2007-8-17.
④The British National Audit Office,The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.46, 2007-8-17.
⑤Ibid., p.50.
⑥The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2006 ,http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/FCO_DeptRep2006_Chapter2,0.pdf, p.25, 2007-8-17.
⑦The British National Audit Office,The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.46, 2007-8-17.
①The British National Audit Office,The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.46, 2007-8-17..
②The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2006,http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/FCO_DeptRep2006_Chapter2,0.pdf, p.24, 2007-8-17.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2001-2002, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/01_02/pdf/dfat_ar_full.pdf, p.133, 2007-9-2.
②澳纽军团日是纪念1915年4月25日,在加里波利之战牺牲的澳大利亚和纽西兰军团(简称澳纽军团)将士的日子。澳纽军团日在澳大利亚和纽西兰现均被定为公众假日,以缅怀将士们为国牺牲的勇敢精神。澳纽军团日是两国最重要的节日。
③Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 2005-2006, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/downloads/full_ar_2005-06.pdf, p.7, 2007-8-17.
④Ibid., p.176.
⑤Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canada, Lessons from the Tsunami: Review of the Response of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada to the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Crisis, May 2005, http://www.international.gc.ca/department/auditreports/evaluation/evalTsunami05-en.asp , 2007-9-10.
①Conference on Challenges for Foreign Ministries Summary of discussion www.diplomacy.edu/conferences/MFA/papers/ConferenceSummary.pdf , p.2, 2007-11-10.
②Ibid., p.5.
①英国大使馆的统计数字中包含了高级专员公署,领事馆的统计数字中包含了总领事馆和副高级专员公署。日本大使馆和领事馆的数字来自Japan Diplomatic Blue Book 2006, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/17.pdf, p.254, 2007-9-8.名誉领事的数字来自http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/annai/zaigai/soryoji/index.html, 2007-12-14,其余的国家的数字来自The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 , http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf , p.69, 2007-8-17,.
②Germany State Secretary, Dr. Gunter Pleuger, Reform of the German Foreign Service: Coping with new diplomatic Challenges in the 21st Century, An Initiative of the Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, June 2002, p.292.
③Canadian Office of the Inspector General, Review of Consular Affairs, (November 2004),http://www.international.gc.ca/department/auditreports/evaluation/evalConsularAffairs04-en.asp, 2007-9-10.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.148, 2007-9-2.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 1998-1999, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/98_99/html/programs/subprog22.htm , 2007-9-2.
②Lee, Luke T, Consular Law and Practice, second edition, pp.38-39.
③The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 , http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf , p.1, 2007-8-17,
④The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 1999, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part8consular.pdf, p.62, 2007-8-17,
⑤The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 , http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf , p.30,2007-8-17,
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2005, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/13deprept05_consular.pdf, p.168, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 1999, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part8consular.pdf, p.61, 2007-8-17.
③http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1070040292196&a=KArticle&aid=1136909829987, 2007-12-4.
④Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, p.26, 2007-8-17.
⑤Active Diplomacy for a Changing World, The UK’s International Priorities, presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, March 2006, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/fullintpriorities2006.pdf, p.42, 2007-8-17.
⑥Ibid., p.48.
①杨雪冬:《全球化:西方理论前沿》,北京·社会科学文献出版社,2002年版,第6-7页。
②同①,第45页。
③【美】约瑟夫·S·奈、约翰·D·唐纳胡主编:《全球化世界的治理》(王勇、门洪华等译),北京·世界知识出版社,2003年版,译者序,第5页。
④【西班牙】曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,第60页。
⑤上海交通大学编:《智慧的钥匙—钱学森论系统科学》,第363页。
①【西班牙】曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,第119页。
②樊勇明:《西方国际政治经济学》,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第133页。
①樊勇明:《西方国际政治经济学》,第138页。
②世界旅游组织网站,http://www.unwto.org/index.php, 2007-10-14.
③埃菲社马德里2008年1月29日电,“国际旅游人数去年接近9亿人次”,2008年2月1日《参考消息》第4版。
④彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,北京·中国旅游出版社,2006年版,第279页。
⑤1950-1980数据来自世界旅游组织有关材料,转引自自彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,第279页。1990年和2000年的的数据来自中国国家统计局网站国际统计数据,分别见http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/1997/t20020508_402190900.htm和http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2006/t20071107_402442875.htm,2007-11-2, 2010年的预测数据来自世界旅游组织《1995-2020年世界旅游预测》,见彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,第226页。
①所有数据来自中国国家统计局国际统计数据,1990、1992、1994年数据来自http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/1997/t20020508_402190900.htm, 1996、1998年数据来自http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2001/t20021113_402193279.htm, 2000、2002年数据来自http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2004/t20060817_402345512.htm, 2004年数据来自http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2006/t20071107_402442875.htm,2007-11-2.
②彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,第243页。
③参见彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,第242页,在原表基础上根据自己的理解有所修改。
①彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,第279页。关于上个世纪90年代后期,国际旅游模式从大众旅游到个性化旅游的变化,也可参见王永忠:《西方旅游史》,南京·东南大学出版社,2004年版,第264-269页。
②参见彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,第307页。
③Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, Foreword by British foreign secretary, Jack Straw, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, 2007-8-17.
④Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, pp.11-12, 2007-8-17.
①Reform of Consular Affairs and New Approaches on Issues of Foreigners in the Changing World , October 2004 , Report of the Council on the Movement of People Across Borders,日本外交部网站:http://globalwarming.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/consular.pdf, 2007-9-8..
②数据来源:1987年-2000年的数据来自UK Office for National Statistics, Annual Abstract of Statistics, UK, 2002,p.185.2003年和2005年(为估计数)的数据来自The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, pp.11-12, 2007-8-17.
③数据来源:各年份的日本外交蓝皮书。
①数据来源:各年份的日本外交蓝皮书。
②数据来源:US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Government Printing Office, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004-2005, p.781.
①1985年数据来自刘洪主编《国际统计年鉴1999》,北京·中国统计出版社,1999年版,第505页。其他年份的数据来自中国国家统计局网站国际统计数据,1990、1995年数据见http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2000/t20020121_402192453.htm,2000年数据见,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2006/t20071107_402442875.htm, 2007-11-20.
②Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1990, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1990/1990-2-5.htm#Item%203.%20Japanese%20Abroad, 2007-9-8.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.7, 2007-8-17.
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, Foreword by British foreign secretary, Jack Straw, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.3, 2007-8-17.
②Rachel Briggs, Travel Advice: Getting Information to Those Who Need it,2002,Foreign Policy Center, UK, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/72.pdf, p.8, 2007-8-20.
③Ibid.
①陆忠伟主编:《非传统安全论》,北京?时事出版社,2003年版,前言,第2页。
②同①序,第2页。
③余潇枫、潘一禾、王江丽:《非传统安全概论》,杭州?浙江人民出版社,2006年版,第55页。
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2003, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2003/chap4-b.pdf, p.214, 2007-9-8.
②Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, pp.11-12, 2007-8-17.
③Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.3, 2007-8-17.
④U.S. Department of Defense, Report of the Secretary of Defense to the President and the Congress, 1999,转引自【美】约瑟夫·S·奈、约翰·D·唐纳胡主编:《全球化世界的治理》,第75页。
①转引自余潇枫、潘一禾、王江丽:《非传统安全概论》,第256页。
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1994-95, p.6. and Annual Review of Consular Work, 1995-96, p.7.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1994-95, p.5.
①Rachel Biggs, The Kidnapping Business, the Foreign Policy Centre, UK, 2001,http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/46.pdf,pp.2-3, 2007-8-20.
②Ibid., pp.1-2.
③Ibid.,p.5.
④数据来源:哥伦比亚警察总局,转引自Rachel Biggs, The Kidnapping Business, the Foreign Policy Centre, UK, 2001,http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/46.pdf, p.17, 2007-8-20.
⑤Reform of Consular Affairs and New Approaches on Issues of Foreigners in the Changing World ,October 2004 , Report of the Council on the Movement of People Across Borders日本外交部网站:http://globalwarming.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/consular.pdf, p.7, 2007-9-8.
⑥The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1995-96, p.11.
①Rachel Biggs, The Kidnapping Business, the Foreign Policy Centre, UK, 2001,http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/46.pdf,p.20, 2007-8-20.
②数据分别来自:The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1995-96, p.8. Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work 1997, p.11. Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work 1998, p.12.
①陆忠伟主编:《非传统安全论》,第314页。
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, pp.11-12, 2007-8-17.
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.3, 2007-8-17.
②Ibid.
③数据来源:各年领事工作年度报告,#表示没有统计数据。
④Peter Shearman and Matthew Sussex, eds., European Security After 9/11, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004, Introduction, p.3.
⑤Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2002-2003, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/02_03/downloads/AR_DFAT_2002-03.pdf, p.130, 2007-9-2.
⑥Ibid., p.126.
①樊勇明:《西方国际政治经济学》,第37页。
②气候变化巨大威胁:巴厘岛恐成“失落的天堂”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-12/06/content_7206736.htm.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.8, 2007-8-17.
①《世界卫生组织SARS全球疫情报告(2002年11约1日-2003年7月31日)》,世界卫生组织网站,http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/talbe2003 09 23/en/
②Stacey Knobler, eds.,“Summary and Assessment”, Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease outbreak, Washington. D. C.: The National Academies Press, 2004, p.2.
③Paul Kennedy, Preparing For The Twenty-fist Century, New York: Random House, 1993, pp.332-333.
①傅勇:《试论冷战后的非传统安全问题》,载《社会科学》2003年第10期,第38页。
①The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.45, 2007-8-17.
②资料来源:日本外交蓝皮书,1987-2006年,有些年份的蓝皮书里没有相关资料,所以没有列出。
①周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第500页。
②United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1994, New York, Oxford UniversityPress, 1994, pp.22-24
①具体可参见,Outline of the Report of the Commission on Human Security, http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/Outlines/outline.pdf, 2007-11-8.
②Sadako Ogata,“Human Security: A Refugee Perspective,”Keynote Speech at the Ministerial Meeting on Human Security Issues of“Lesoen Process”Group of Governments, Bergen, Norway, May 1999, http://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/unher/hrrspeech/19990519.htm,转引自封永平:《安全新概念:“人的安全”解析》,载《学术探索》,2006年第4期,第91页。
③封永平:《安全新概念:“人的安全”解析》,载上引报刊,第91-92页。
④Roland Paris,“Human Security- Paradigm Shift or Hot air,”International Security, Vol.26, No.2, Fall 2001, p.87.
⑤封永平:《安全维度转向:人的安全》,载《现代国际关系》2006年第6期,第58页。
①“人的安全网络”组织编:《人权教育手册》,李保东译,三联书店,2005年版,前言部分。
②Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, Foreword by British foreign secretary, Jack Straw, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.4, 2007-8-17.
③罗艳华:《国际关系中的主权与人权对两者关系的多维透视》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第131页。
①徐崇温:《人权与主权》,载《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》,1992年第6期,第45页。
②宫少朋、朱立群、周启朋主编:《冷战后国际关系》,世界知识出版社,1999年版,第79页。
③罗艳华:《国际关系中的主权与人权对两者关系的多维透视》,第83页。
④安南秘书长1999年6月在接受法国《世界报》记者的采访时的讲话,(法国)《世界报》1999年6月19日。转引自罗艳华:《国际关系中的主权与人权对两者关系的多维透视》,第82页。
⑤Kofi A Annan,“Peacekeeping, Military Intervention and National Sovereignty in Internal Armed Conflict”, in Jonathan Moore, ed., Hard Choice: Moral Dilemma in Humanitarian Intervention, Rowman &Littlefield Publishers, 1998, p.57-58.
①具体见:Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December, 2001, http://www.iciss.ca/pdf/commission-report.pdf, 2007-12-20.
②万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,上引报刊,第41页。
③据统计,到2003年时,世界上有1/3的国家废除虽未废除死刑但实际上不判处或者不执行死刑。有关情况参见赵秉志等译:《现代世界死刑概况》,北京·中国人民大学1992年版;李云龙、沈德咏:《死刑专论》,北京·中国政法大学出版社,1997年版;朱晓青、柳华文:《公民权利和政治权利国际公约及其实施机制》,北京·中国社会科学出版社,2003年版,第48页关于废除死刑趋势的介绍。.
②朱晓青、柳华文:《公民权利和政治权利国际公约及其实施机制》,第48-49页。
①Antonio Augusto Cancado Trindade, The Humanization of Consular Law: The Impact of Advisory Opinion No. 16(1999) of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on International Case-law and Practice,Chinese Journal of International Law, 2007, Vol.6, No.1, p.2
②Ibid., p.3
③International Court of Justice, case concerning U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran ( United States versus Iran), ICJ Reports(1980), 31, para.62.
④Ibid., 42, para.91.
①曾令良:《现代国际法的人本化发展趋势》,上引报刊,第93-94页。
②U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 111,9-17-93.
①Ibid..
②U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 111,02-10-2005, http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 1990, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1990/1990-2-5.htm#Item%203.%20Japanese%20Abroad, 2007-9-8.
④Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2002, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2002/chap5-c.pdf, p.210 , 2007-9-2.
⑤The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Consular Work Annual Review 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/report2000.pdf , p.10, 2007-8-17,
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.119, 2007-8-17.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.154, 2007-9-2.
③如前文所提到的德国诉美国案和墨西哥诉美国案。
④该指示的全文见,U.S. Department of State, Consular assistance for American nationals abroad(20010101) , http://www.state.gov/s/l/16139.htm, 2007-9-20.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Consular Work Annual Review 2000, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/report2000.pdf , p.9, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.117, 2007-8-17.
③Foreword to the Departmental Report 2001 by the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook,FCO Departmental Report 2001, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part1,0.pdf, p.3, 2007-8-17.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Consular Work Annual Review 2001, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/report2001.pdf, p.6, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.117, 2007-8-17.
③Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2004, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2004/chap5.pdf, p.244, 2007-9-8.
④The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, pp.9-11, 2007-8-17.
⑤The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010,p.7, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, 2007-8-17.
⑥可参见网址:http://travel.state.gov/law/legal/testimony/
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Annual Review of Consular Work, 1994-95, p.10.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2005-2006, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/downloads/full_ar_2005-06.pdf, p.164, 2007-9-2.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, pp.9-11, 2007-8-17.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1996 - 1997, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/96_97/dfat9697.pdf, p.148, 2007-9-2.
⑤Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2005-2006, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/downloads/full_ar_2005-06.pdf, p .156, 2007-9-2.
⑥数据来自各年份的澳大利亚外交部年度报告。
①Active Diplomacy for a Changing World, The UK’s International Priorities, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, March 2006, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/fullintpriorities2006.pdf, p.38, 2006-12-22,
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 1999, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part8consular.pdf, p.62, 2007-8-17.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2001, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/part9consular.pdf , p.85, 2007-8-17.
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2002, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/chapter11consular.pdf, p.111, 2007-8-17.
③Active Diplomacy for a Changing World, The UK’s International Priorities, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, March 2006, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/fullintpriorities2006.pdf, p.38, 2006-12-22,
①Janpan Diplomatic Blue Book 2004, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/bluebook/2004/hakusho/h16/html/G5100200.html, 2007-9-2.
②Reform of Consular Affairs and New Approaches on Issues of Foreigners in the Changing World , October 2004 , Report of the Council on the Movement of People Across Borders http://globalwarming.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/consular.pdf, p.7, 2007-8-19.
③Canadian Office of the Inspector General,Review of Consular Affairs, (November 2004), http://www.international.gc.ca/department/auditreports/evaluation/evalConsularAffairs04-en.asp , 2007-8-17.
④Treasury Board of Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Performance Report, 2001-2002, http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rma/dpr/01-02/Fait/FAIT0102dpr03_e.asp, 2007-9-10.
①Treasury Board of Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Performance Report,For the period ending March 31, 2003, http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rma/dpr/02-03/DFAIT-MAECI/DFAIT-MAECI03D02_e.asp#54 , 2007-9-10.
②数据来自澳大利亚外交部各年份年度报告领事工作部分。
①王杰、张海滨、张志洲主编:《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》,北京大学出版社,2004年版,第105页。“Third Sector”一词国内也有两种不同的译名,即“第三域”和“第三部门”。这两种译名之间的含义没有太大的差别。所谓“第三域”指的是和公共领域、私人领域相对而言的一个领域。第三部门指的是和公共部门、私人部门相对而言的另一个部门,它们所指的都是各种非政府、非营利性的民间组织。相比之下,第三部门的译法更通俗易懂一些。第三部门又被称为“独立部门”(Independent Sector),“非盈利部门”(Non-Profit Sector)、“志愿部门”(Voluntary Sector)、“利他的部门”(Altruistic Sector)等。见何增科主编:《公民社会与第三部门》,北京·社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,导论,第3页。
②王杰、张海滨、张志洲主编:《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》,第105页。
③同上,第105-106页。
④Lester M Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier,“Toward a Common Definition”, in Lester M Salamon and Helmut
K. Anheier, eds., Defining the Non-Profit Sector: A Cross-National Analysis, Manchester University Press, 1997, pp.33-34, p.40.
①何增科:《全球公民社会引论》,引自李惠斌主编《全球化与公民社会》,广西师范大学出版社,2003版,第83页。转引自俞可平等:《全球化与国家主权》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第127页。
②【美】莱斯特·萨拉蒙、赫尔穆特·安海尔著,周红运译,《公民社会部门》,见何增科主编:《公民社会与第三部门》,第257页。
③同上,第261页。
④同上,第259页。
⑤同上,第260页。
①【美】莱斯特·萨拉蒙著,何增科译,《非营利部门的兴起》,见何增科主编:《公民社会与第三部门》,第246、248-249页。
②同上,第244页。
③世界银行:《1997年世界发展报告:变革世界中的政府》,北京·中国财政经济出版社,1997年版,第19页。
①具体情况可参见陈振明主编:《政府再造——西方“新公共管理运动”述评》,北京?中国人民大学出版社,2003年版。周志忍著:《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,北京?国家行政学院出版社,1999年版。赵成根著:《新公共管理改革不断塑造新的平衡》,北京大学出版社,2007年版。
②赵成根著:《新公共管理改革不断塑造新的平衡》,绪论,第1页。
③具体可参见周志忍著:《当代国外行政改革比较研究》,第21-29页。
④张成福、倪文杰:《现代政府管理大辞典》,中国经济出版社,1991年版,第1页。
①世界银行:《1997年世界发展报告:变革世界中的政府》,第2页。
①【美】戴维·奥斯本、特勒·盖布勒:《改革政府:企业精神如何改革着公营部门》(上海市政协编译组、东方编译所编译),上海译文出版社,1996年版,第11页。
②赵成根著:《新公共管理改革不断塑造新的平衡》,绪论,第23页。
①参见该组织网站:http://www.redress.org/
②报告的内容见:“the Protection of British Nationals Detained Abroad, A Discussion Paper Concerning Consular and Diplomatic Protection”, February 2005. http://www.redress.org/publications/DiplomaticProtectionFeb2005.pdf, 2007-11-20.
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Delivering Change Together: The Consular Strategy 2007-2010, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/Consular%20Strategy%202007.pdf, p.6, 2007-8-17.
②可以参见该组织的网站:http://www.prisonersabroad.org.uk/.
①The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office ,Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.17, 2007-8-17.
②Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1999-2000, Consular Service,http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/00_01/s02/02_2-1_effect.html, 2007-9-2.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ,Annual Report 1998-1999, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/98_99/html/programs/subprog22.htm, 2007-9-2.
②澳大利亚外交部外长助理Robert Hamilton( Assistant Secretary, Consular Branch, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade )在澳大利亚参议院的证词,Commonwealth of Australia Senate, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Reference: Consular service, Official Hansard Report, Canberra, Monday, 25 November 1996. http://wopared.aph.gov.au/Hansard/senate/commttee/s1055939.pdf, p.12, 2007-9-2.
③Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1999-2000, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/99_00/index.html, 2007-9-2.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 1999-2000, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/00_01/s02/02_2-1_effect.html, 2007-9-2.
②Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, pp.16-17, 2007-8-17.
③Rachel Briggs, Travel Advice: Getting Information to Those Who Need it,2002,Foreign Policy Center, UK, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/72.pdf, p.16, 2007-8-20.
④Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of Statefor Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.12, 2007-8-17.
①Rachel Briggs, Travel Advice: Getting Information to Those Who Need it,2002,Foreign Policy Center, UK, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/72.pdf, p.9, 2007-8-20.
②The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, p.19, 2007-8-17.
③Rik Coolsaet, The Transformation of Diplomacy at the Threshold of t he New Millennium, in Christer Jonsson and Richard Langhorne, (eds) Diplomacy, Volume III, SAGE Publications, 2004, p.15.
④Ibid., p.12.
⑤Ibid., p.14.
⑥具体可参见Brian Hocking, Edit, Foreign Ministries:Change and Adaptation(Macmillan Press Ltd 1999)一书中加拿大驻伦敦的副高级专员Jacques Bilodeau所作的前言部分。
①Maaike Heijmans and Jan Melissen,Netherlands Institute of International Relations‘Clingendael’: Foreign Ministries and the Rising Challenge of Consular Affairs:Cinderella in the Limelight,http://www.diplomacy.edu/Conferences/MFA/papers/heijmansmelissen.pdf, 2007-11-20.
②Rik Coolsaet, The Transformation of Diplomacy at the Threshold of the New Millennium, in Christer Jonsson and Richard Langhorne, eds., p.14.
③L.T.李著,傅铸译:《领事法和领事实践》,第122页。
④同③,第5页。
①具体见Florian Geyer, The External Dimension of EU Citizenship: Arguing for Effective Protection of Citizens Abraod,Policy Brief of CEPS( Center For European Policy Studies), No.134, July ,2007, http://www.ecps.eu.。
②The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, p.5, 2007-8-17.
③Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ,Annual Report 2004--2005, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/CompleteAnnualReport.pdf, p.154, 2007-9-2.
④Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ,Annual Report 2005-2006,http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/downloads/full_ar_2005-06.pdf, p.159,2007-9-2.
①Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ,Annual Report 1995-1996, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/95_96/programs.html#P3820_444430, 2007-9-2.
②加拿大外交和国际贸易部副部长V. Peter Harder的致辞,见Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada: Consular Service, A Framework of Operations,January 2007, http://www.voyage.gc.ca/main/about/docs/Framework%20of%20Operations%20EN.PDF, p.1, 2007-9-10.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, p.15, 2007-8-17.
④Rachel Briggs, Travel Advice: Getting Information to Those Who Need it,2002,Foreign Policy Center, UK, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/72.pdf, p.9, 2007-11-20.
⑤Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ,Annual Report 1995-1996, Consular Service, http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/95_96/programs.html#P3820_444430 , 2007-9-2.
⑥Rachel Briggs, Travel Advice: Getting Information to Those Who Need it, 2002, Foreign Policy Center, UK, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/72.pdf, p.5, 2007-11-20.
⑦Ibid. p.18.
①Diplomacy for the 70s, A Program of Management Reform for the Department of State, U.S. Government Printing Office, December, 1970, Washington, D.C. 20402, p.484.
②《马克思恩格斯全集》,北京?人民出版社,1965年版,第16卷,第16页。
①The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, In Partnership: Delivering High Quality Consular Service-Strategy 2004-2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/Kfile/ConsularStrategy0804.pdf, p.21, 2007-8-17.
②The Modernization of Consular Services Leveraging Technology within a New Concept of Operations: The Canadian Experience, Prepared by: H. G. Pardy, Former Director General, Consular Affairs Bureau,Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, March 17, 2004, http://www.worldreach.com/Resource%20Document/modernization_of_consular_services.pdf, p.3, 2007-11-20.
③Rik Coolsaet, The Transformation of Diplomacy at the Threshold of the New Millennium, in Christer Jonsson and Richard Langhorne, eds. , p.14.
④Shaun Riordan, The New Diplomacy, Polity Press , 2003, p.114.
⑤Ibid., p. 115.
①American Foreign Service Association , A Consular Strategy For The Future, Policy Statement, October 17, 1996, http://www.afsa.org/diplmcy/consularfull.cfm, 2007-8-10..
②德国外交部网站,《德国领事官员及其职责和权利法》第二部分“领事的具体职责和权力”第15条第1、2、3、4款。Law on Consular Officers ,Their Functions and Powers(Consular Law) of 11 September , 1974, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/AAmt/Konsulargesetz.pdf, p.9,2007-10-4.
①世界银行:《1997年世界发展报告:变革世界中的政府》,第25页。
②Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States Meeting within the Council of 19 December 1995 regarding protection for citizens of the European Union by diplomatic and consular representations (95/553/EC), Official Journal ,L 314 , 28/12/1995 ,pp.73– 76, Article 6.
③Council of the European Union, Guidelines on Consular Protection of EU Citizens in Third Countries, Brussels, 2 June 2006, 10109/06, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/06/st10/st10109.en06.pdf, p.7,2007-9-16.
①Council of the European Union, European Consular Assistance brochure, http://www.mzz.gov.si/fileadmin/pageuploads/Konzularne_informacije/Konzularna_pomoc/Consular_brochure_apr06.pdf, 2007-9-16.
②Commission of the European Communities, Summary Report of Public Hearing of 29 May 2007, http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/consular_protection/summary_public_hearing_en.pdf, p.5, 2007-9-16.
①Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States Meeting within the Council of 19 December 1995 regarding protection for citizens of the European Union by diplomatic and consular representations (95/553/EC)(Official Journal L 314 , 28/12/1995 P. 0073 - 0076)
②Commission of the European Communities, Diplomatic and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries,Brussels, 28.11.2006,COM(2006)712 final,GREEN PAPER,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0712:EN:NOT, 2007-9-16.
③Florian Geyer, The External Dimension of EU Citizenship: Arguing for Effective Protection of Citizens Abraod,Policy Brief of CEPS( Center For European Policy Studies), No.134, July ,2007, http://www.ecps.eu, 2007-11-5.
①爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、匈牙利和波兰的宪法规定海外公民有要求外交和领事保护的权利。可参见,Florian Geyer, The External Dimension of EU Citizenship: Arguing for Effective Protection of Citizens Abraod,Policy Brief of CEPS( Center For European Policy Studies), No.134, July ,2007, http://www.ecps.eu. 2007-11-5.
②Commission of the European Communities, Diplomatic and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries,Brussels, 28.11.2006,COM(2006)712 final,GREEN PAPER,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0712:EN:NOT, 2007-9-16.
①Commission of the European Communities, Summary Report of Public Hearing of 29 May 2007, http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/consular_protection/summary_public_hearing_en.pdf, p8, 2007-9-16.
②Florian Geyer, The External Dimension of EU Citizenship: Arguing for Effective Protection of Citizens Abraod,Policy Brief of CEPS( Center For European Policy Studies), No.134, July ,2007, http://www.ecps.eu, 2007-11-5.
③按照《维也纳领事关系公约》第8条的规定,在派遣国、接受国和第三国协议同意的情况下,派遣国可以对第三国公民进行领事保护。但这只是极少的例外。
④万霞:《海外公民保护的困境与出路——领事保护在国际法领域的新动向》,上引报刊,第41页。
⑤Commission of the European Communities, Diplomatic and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries,Brussels, 28.11.2006,COM(2006)712 final,GREEN PAPER,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0712:EN:NOT, 2007-9-16.
①Commission of the European Communities, Summary Report of Public Hearing of 29 May 2007, http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/consular_protection/summary_public_hearing_en.pdf, p6, 2007-9-16.
②见“Comments on the Green Paper on diplomatic and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries”, Leiden University, the Netherlands,欧盟委员会网站“Contributions on Diplomatic and and consular protection of Union citizens in third countries”http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home /news/events/news_events_en.htm, 2007-6-18.
①时任澳大利亚驻柬埔寨大使的Tony Kevin在澳大利亚参议院的证词,Commonwealth of Australia Senate, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Reference: Consular service, Official Hansard Report, Canberra, Monday, 25 November 1996. http://wopared.aph.gov.au/Hansard/senate/commttee/s1055939.pdf, p.14, 2007-9-2.
②时任澳大利亚驻柬埔寨使馆参赞Ms Stephanie Anna Shwabsky在澳大利亚参议院的证词,Ibid., p.32.
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 053.1, 7-13-2005,http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
②Commission of the European Communities, Summary Report of Public Hearing of 29 May 2007, http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/consular_protection/summary_public_hearing_en.pdf, p5, 2007-9-16.
③The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, FCO Departmental Report 2003, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/10_ConsularServices.pdf , p.110, 2007-8-17.
④Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, pp.17-18, 2007-8-17.
⑤Statement by the Foreign Secretary on Review of Travel Advice in the House of Commons, (01/04/04) ,http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391629&a=KArticle&aid=1079975056323, 2007-8-17.
①U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7-Consular Affairs, 7 FAM 000 Consular Protection of U.S. Nationals Abroad, 7 FAM 051.4, 7-13-2005,http://www.state.gov/m/a/dir/regs/fam/c22164.htm
②Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, p.18-19, 2007-8-17.
③可参见:“为防恐怖袭击英国各航空公司暂停往返肯尼亚航班”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2003-05/16/content_871819.htm
④参见中国外交部网站对肯尼亚国家概况的介绍,http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/1565/1565x0/default.htm ,2008-1-20.
①Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, pp.18-19, 2007-8-17.
②The British National Audit Office, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office,Consular Services to British Nationals, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General [HC 594 Session 2005-2006], 24 November 2005, p.16 http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/05-06/0506594es.pdf, 2007-8-17.
③Review of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Travel Advice, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty, April 2004, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/CM6158.pdf, pp.18-19, 2007-8-17.
④Ibid., p.23.
⑤The Canadian Office of the Inspector General, Review of Consular Affairs, (November 2004),http://www.international.gc.ca/department/auditreports/evaluation/evalConsularAffairs04-en.asp 2007-9-10.
①1988年2月美国国务院礼宾司与外国使馆司合编:《执法官员指南:外国外交和领事人员的人身权利与豁免》,可参见G. McClanahan ,Diplomatic Immunity: Principles, Practices, Problems, London: Hurst & Co., 1989, pp.238-239,黄德明著:《现代外交特权与豁免问题研究》,武汉大学出版社,2005年版,第386页。
②Luke T. Lee, Consular Law and Practice, second edition, p.569.
①1986年11月5日美国国务卿致各国驻美使团团长照会的附件。Luke T. Lee, Consular Law and Practice, second edition, p.570.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④常明玉:《外交特权与豁免:美国的困惑与图谋》,载《外交学院学报》1997年第2期,第78页。
③有关数字来自《人民日报》海外版,http://www.snweb.com/gb/people_daily_os/2003/06/13/h0613007.htm
①中华人民共和国商务部中国投资指南网站:http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wzyj/ztyj/zcqyj/t20070716_81038.htm
②2007年3月6日李肇星外长就中国外交工作和国际问题回答中外记者提问,http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/zxxx/t301647.htm, 2008-1-20.
③数据中华人民共和国商务部中国投资指南网站::http://www.fdi.gov.cn/ , 2008-1-20.
④http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/lsfw/lsxw/t380795.htm, 2008-1-20.
⑤2007年3月6日李肇星外长就中国外交工作和国际问题回答中外记者提问,http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/zxxx/t301647.htm , 2007-10-28.
⑥“外交部:中国公民需加强修养、提高风险意识”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2006-12/31/content_5554357.htm
⑦数字来自2007年5-8月外交部领事司举办的“境外中国公民和机构安全保护工作图片展”。
⑧中华人民共和国外交部政策研究司编:《中国外交》,北京?世界知识出版社,2006版,第354页。
①数据来源:中国国家统计局《中国贸易外经统计年鉴2007》。
①数据中华人民共和国商务部中国投资指南网站:http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj/jwtztj/t20071109_86972.htm , 2007-10-22.
②数字来自2007年外交部领事司举办的“境外中国公民和机构安全保护工作图片展”,可参见中国外交部网站http://www.fmprc.gov.cn , 2007-12-22.
①中国外交部网站:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/lsfw/lsxw/t143714.htm, 2007-12-20.
①“江泽民在庆祝建党八十周年大会上的讲话”, 2001年7月2日《人民日报》,第一版。
②中国网,“珍惜每个同胞:中国领事保护‘五加强’应万变”,http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/TCC/1093119.htm, 2007-12-20.
③外交部长李肇星语,见张亮,王莉,“年终专访,李肇星纵论国际风云畅谈外交为民”,2004年12月15日《人民日报》,第七版。
①2007年12月15日,笔者根据外交部网站资料统计。
②中华人民共和国外交部政策研究司编:《中国外交2007》,北京·世界知识出版社,第348-349页。
①教育部教育涉外监管信息网,http://www.jsj.edu.cn/, 2007-12-20.
②“四部委发布今年首个远洋渔业合作预警通报我企业和渔民切勿到索马里海域作业”,2005年10月21日《人民日报》,第六版。
①“应对突发事件中国建立公民出境游安全预警机制”, http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2006-04/26/content_4476016.html.
①中华人民共和国中央人民政府网站:http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2005/content_92955.htm ,2007-12-20.
②2004年4月,外交部领事司司长罗田广接受媒体采访时的谈话,http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/1026/2454084.html , 2004-12-15.
③2004年7月,外交部领事司司长罗田广接受记者采访谈话,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-07-21/07033156146s.shtml
①“应对突发事件中国建立公民出境游安全预警机制”,新华网: http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2006-04/26/content_4476016.htm
②广东省外办网站,http://www.gdfao.gd.gov.cn/wsjg/zncs/200704100003.htm
③“广东的‘涉外安全处’开了个好头”,中国外交部网站:http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/lsfw/lsxw/t380795.htm ,2007-12-20.
①吉林省人民政府网站:http://www.jl.gov.cn/zwxx/zfwj/szfbgtfw/t20051026_56781.htm
②北大法意网站:http://www.lawyee.net/Act/Act_Display.asp?RID=506578 ,2007-12-20.
①俞可平:《中国公民社会:概念、分类与制度环境》,上引报刊,第115-116页。
②2008年2月10日对中国外交部领事司官员的采访。
①“中国企业走出去国际论坛2006在北京召开”,http://mnc.people.com.cn/GB/54849/62628/62630/4337125.html, 2006-4-27.
②各个机构的详细情况见第二章第二节。
联合国国际法委员会2006年二读通过的《外交保护条款草案案》,http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/reports/2003/chinese/chp5.pdf,2007-12-20。
联合国国际法委员会第五十五届会议文件《起草委员会暂时通过的条款草案》第五章外交保护部分, http://www.un.org/chinese/ga/55/doc/A55-10supp-3.htm,2007,2007-12-20。
《联合国国际法院的报告》,2000年8月1日至2001年7月31日,大会正式记录,第五十六届会议补编第4号(A/56/4),http://www.un.org/chinese/ga/56/doc/a56_4.pdf,2007-12-20。
《联合国国际法院的报告》,2004年8月1日至2005年7月31日,大会正式记录,第六十届会议补编第4号(A/60/4),http://www.un.org/chinese/law/icj/a60_4/ch10.pdf,2007-12-20。
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