摘要
随着电子材料与元器件的新理论、新材料、新器件的不断涌现,对相关的测试技术提出了较高要求,其中许多特性参数的测量原理与测试技术都尚待研究。本文以热敏元件零功率电阻-温度特性、电流-时间特性、静态伏-安特性及电压效应特性等四大综合特性的测试为研究内容,深入分析了四大综合特性的测量方法,采用集成仪器技术的思想,提出了热敏元件综合特性测试系统架构,并分别提出了四大功能模块子系统的设计方案,最终把各测试模块集成在一个最小集合的、低成本的通用检测设备硬件平台(基于PCI总线的数据采集及控制单元)上,利用该通用硬件平台,调用不同的测试软件就能构成不同测试功能的仪器,实现多种测试功能集一体的集成仪器,从而实现了热敏元件四大综合特性的测量。
在本系统中,需要采用电阻炉作为加热源,精确可靠地测量和控制电阻炉的温度,是保证精确测量的必要条件。本文将模糊控制和PI-PID控制结合起来,设计了FUZZY-PI-PID复合控制器,最终实现对PID参数的在线自适应调整。最大超调量小于2℃,最大稳态误差小于0.25℃。从而实现了温度的智能化精确控制。
为了提高测试系统精度,以及实现高可靠运行,本文分别从硬件和软件抗干扰来论述抑制干扰噪声的方法:消除和削弱干扰源;设法使检测电路对干扰噪声不敏感;使噪声传输通道的耦合作用最小化;使用合适的数字滤波算法和相关检测技术进行数据处理。最终实现测试系统高精度的测量。
该测试系统是一个实时多任务控制系统,控制程序十分复杂,在软件设计时,本系统采用了至顶向下和模块化、层次化的设计方法。用这些子模块构造更大的功能模块。最后将各功能模块整合起来,构造成完整的测试系统软件。论文分别对界面模块、计算机及外围电路接口驱动模块、温度控制模块、测量流程控制模块、脉冲信号控制程序、开关控制程序、自动换档测量模块、软件保护报警模块、数据采集卡的驱动和控制模块、数据采集控制模块、数据处理及显示模块等进行了讨论和设计。这种软件设计方法,便于对整个开发过程的管理、程序的修改和整个系统功能的扩展、升级。
本文依据测试系统所提供的实际测试结果,结合热敏材料的相关理论,对热敏元件四大特性的测试结果做了详细分析,着重从脉冲电压源、零功率伏-安特性、不同电压下电阻-温度特性、不同温度下电阻-电压特性的测量来讨论热敏电阻的电压效应。并结合热敏电阻的微观结构,对热敏电阻的电压效应机理做了初步的探讨。采用短时脉冲法实现热敏电阻电压效应的自动测量,为国内首创,对科研人员深入研究热敏材料的电压效应机理具有重要意义。
With very rapid innovation of new theories, development of new electronic materials and new electronic components, much higher requirements on related test technologies are demanded, but most test principles and technologies of characteristics parameter are still needed to be studied more deeply. This article focused on researching methods to test the system characteristics of thermistors, especially the four most important such as zero-power Resistance-Temperature characteristics, Current-Time characteristics, static V-I characteristics and voltage-effect. Based on the idea of system integration, put forward the systematic frame of testing thermistors system characteristics, proposed the design schemes of four main function subsystems respectively, and integrated all subsystems into one minimum universal hardware platform at very low cost (one data acquisition control unit based on PCI bus). Using this platform, called related test programs respectively to do different function test, which realized to integrate many test functions into one instrument and to be competent for testing the four system characteristics of thermistors.
In this system, the electric furnace worked as the heat source, so, in order for assuring the test precision, it was a vital prerequisite to measure and control the furnace temperature precisely and reliably. By combining Fuzzy Control Theory and PI-PID control technology, this article designed one FUZZY-PI-PID compound controller, which realized automatic adaptive adjustment on PID parameters. The maximum overshoot was smaller than 2℃, and the steady state error was lower than 0.25℃. Thus, this system had the ability to intelligently control the temperature precisely.
In order for improving the test system precision and assuring high reliable operation, this article described the methods of noise suppression from the designing of hardware and software respectively: removal and attenuating interference source, making the detecting circuit immune to the noise, minimizing the coupling effects in the noise transmission channel, utilizing appropriate digital filter algorithm and related detection techniques to do data processing, which finally realized very high precision system test .
This test system was one multi-task real-time control system with quite complex control programs. The concepts of top-down method, modularization and hierarchical model were adopted during designing software. The final test system software was integrated by all function blocks. This article included: module of operating interface, driver module of computer and its peripheral circuit interface, temperature control module, test flow control module, pulse signal control module, switch control module, automatic shift control module, software protection alert module, drivers and control module of data acquisition card, data acquisition control module, data processing and display module, etc. This kind software design method is convenient for the management and program modification during the whole software development, which is also easy to the function expansion and upgrade.
Through the practical test results obtained by this kind test system, and based on the relative thermistors materials theory, this article analyzed the four important characteristics in detail. Especially from the results of pulse voltage source, zero-power V-I characteristics, Resistance-Temperature characteristics under different voltage and Resistance-Voltage characteristics under different temperature, the thermistors voltage-effect was researched. Referring to the microstructure of thermistors, the voltage-effect mechanism was discussed. In China, it is pioneer to utilizing short pulse method to realize the automatic measurement on voltage-effect of thermistors, which is also greatly significant in much more deeply researches on its mechanism for research and development personnel.
引文
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