双自由度类人上肢的设计及气动执行器的研究
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摘要
类人机器人是当前机器人研究领域最活跃的研究方向之一,引起了许多科研工作者的注意。随着科技的发展,需要一种工作方式类似与人体肌肉,同时又具有力量大、重量轻、柔顺性好等特点的执行器,应用于机器人的研究。类人气动肌肉就是这样一种具有很多优点的新型执行器,类人气动肌肉在很多方面超过了麦基本肌肉。
    本文采用类人气动肌肉,设计了一种双自由度的类人上肢。本课题得到了国家自然科学基金(项目号:50375108)和天津市自然科学基金(项目号:033601611)的资助,论文的主要内容如下:
    通过对人体上肢解剖结构的分析研究,把上肢骨骼结构简化为两刚体的运动系统.将前臂和肱骨的联结简化为转动副,同肩关节的内收-外展自由度一同形成一个2自由度的两刚体系统。
    由于在推导过程进行了许多假设,理想的类人气动肌肉模型和实际类人气动肌肉的特性存在很大的差距,为此本文分析了橡胶管弹性、壁厚、类人气动肌肉充气后的顶端效应以及橡胶管和编织网之间的摩擦对理想模型特性的影响,并给出了改进的模型公式。
    建立了类人气动肌肉的新型实验台,所有的测量工作和控制工作都可以由计算机来完成。在此基础上对理论模型进行验证。
    4 、建立了类人上肢实验台,并进行了类人上肢的动静态特性实验。
    最后本文对类人上肢和类人气动肌肉的进一步研究内容经行了分析和展望。
With the development of technology, an actuator that is powerful, lightweight and compliant and can be operated in a manner similar to human muscles is needed in the study of robots. The Humaniform Air Muscle (HAM) is one of such novel actuators with many advantages. The Humaniform Muscle overshadows McKibben style actuators in many aspects.
    The design of a 2 degrees of freedom imitating human upper extremity is proposed in this thesis. This dissertation is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project No. 50375108) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (project No.033601611). The main research work in this thesis includes:
    Based on the analysis of the anatomy structure of human upper extremity, the upper limbs are simplified as a motion system of two rigid bodies, the joint of forearm with humeral as a hinge. With the freedom in adduction and abduction motions of shoulder joint, a two-rigid-body motion system is formed.
    The large number of assumptions made in deducing the ideal model of the Humaniform Air Muscle result in significant differences between the ideal model and the real attributes of the Humaniform Air muscle. Therefore, the main factors affecting the ideal model including the elasticity and wall thickness of the rubber tube, its shape at both ends and the friction between the rubber and braided net, are analyzed. An improved model is proposed.
    A new type test-bed for HAM has been built. On this test-bed, all the measurement and control can be carried out by computer. The validity of the theoretical models is tested on the test-bed.
    A test-bed for imitating human upper extremity has been established. Experiments on the static and dynamic behaviors of the extremity were conducted.
    At the end, the future research work on HAM and imitating human upper extremity is analyzed and discussed.
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