摘要
为探讨施肥及栽培密度对超高淀粉含量马铃薯产量和品质的影响,为制订超高淀粉马铃薯高产优质栽培技术提供理论依据,以马铃薯新品种“陇薯8号”为试验材料,设三因素五水平,利用三元二次通用旋转设计原理,开展氮磷肥和栽培密度三因子对超高淀粉马铃薯产量和品质的影响的试验,分析“陇薯8号”产量品质对氮肥(X_1)、磷肥(X_2)、栽培密度(X_3)的响应,结果如下:
1.建立了氮肥(X_1)、磷肥(X_2)、栽培密度(X_3)三因子与“陇薯8号”产量(Y_1)的回归方程: Y_1=37.62086-2.09978X_1~2 -2.03013X_2~2-2.67767X_3~2。主效应分析可知三个栽培因子对“陇薯8号”产量影响的大小顺序是:密度(X_3)>氮肥(X_1)>磷肥(X_2);单因素效应分析表明三个栽培因子都是在中等水平时产量最高,过低过高水平都影响产量。双因子互作结果表明氮磷肥和密度都在0水平以下,互作时对产量有促进作用,超过一定量则造成减产。对小区商品薯个数率、商品薯重量率、单株薯重、单株商品薯重进行分析表明,失拟项都显著,不能进行进一步的分析。
2.分别建立了氮肥(X_1)、磷肥(X_2)、栽培密度(X_3)三因子与“陇薯8号”块茎淀粉含量(Y_2)、块茎维生素C含量(Y_3)、块茎粗蛋白含量(Y_6)的回归方:Y_2= 26.31810-0.88225X_1~2-1.20929X_2~2-1.39844X_3~2、Y_3=249.20-13.20X_1~2-15.64X_2~2 -26.21X_3~2、Y_6=2.74606 -0.31221X_1~2-0.29630X_2~2-0.32812X_3~2。主效应分析可知三因子对“陇薯8号”淀粉含量影响的大小顺序为:磷肥(X_2)>栽培密度(X_3)>氮肥(X_1),对块茎维生素C含量影响的大小顺序为:氮肥(X_1)>磷肥(X_2)>栽培密度(X_3),对粗蛋白含量影响的大小顺序为:栽培密度(X_3)>氮肥(X_1)>磷肥(X_2);单因素效应分析表明三个栽培因子都在中等水平时淀粉含量、维生素C含量、粗蛋白含量最高。互作效应分析表明氮磷肥和密度都在0水平以下互作时对三者有促进作用,超过一定量则造成三者含量的降低。
建立了氮肥(X_1)、磷肥(X_2)、栽培密度(X_3)三因子与“陇薯8号”块茎可溶性糖含量(Y_5)的回归方程:Y_5= 0.23516+0.05907X_1~2-0.02755X_2~2-0.04346X_3~2。主效应分析可知三因子对“陇薯8号”可溶性糖含量影响的大小顺序为:氮肥(X_1)>栽培密度(X_3)>磷肥(X_2);单因素效应分析可知三个栽培因子在0水平以下时可溶性糖含量随着施氮量的增加而降低、随施磷量和播种密度的增加而增加;超过0水平时可溶性糖含量随施氮量的增加而增加、随施磷量和播种密度的增加逐渐下降;互作效应分析可知施氮量105.44～194.62kg/hm~2和不施磷或施磷270 kg/hm~2配合施肥,可溶性糖含量≤0.2%;施氮量105.44～194.62kg/hm~2和密度分别在30000株/ hm~2或75000株/ hm~2配合栽培,可溶性糖含量都≤0.15%;施磷量大于135 kg/hm~2、栽培密度大于52500株/ hm~2互作可降低可溶性糖含量。
建立了氮肥(X_1)、磷肥(X_2)、栽培密度(X_3)三因子与“陇薯8号”块茎还原糖含量(Y_4)的回归方程:Y_4=0.13564 +0.02014X_1-0.02137X_2+0.02943X_3~2。主效应分析可知三因子对“陇薯8号”还原糖含量影响的大小顺序为:磷肥(X_2)>氮肥(X_1)>栽培密度(X_3);单因素效应分析可知“陇薯8号”还原糖含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,随磷肥施用量的增加而减少,中等栽培密度水平下还原糖含量最高;互作效应分析可知氮磷配施可降低块茎还原糖含量;当施氮量60.9～239.25kg/hm~2、栽培密度30000～52500株/ hm~2互作时“陇薯8号”还原糖含量都≤0.15%;当施磷量0～135kg/hm~2、栽培密度30000～52500株/ hm~2互作时“陇薯8号”还原糖含量都≤0.15%。
3.经DPS软件模拟,“陇薯8号”的高产优质栽培方案为:纯N 120.96～137.8kg/hm~2,纯P_2O_5126.7～160.68kg/hm~2,种植密度49958～56781株/hm~2。在甘肃南部高寒阴湿区中等肥力黒麻土上,应用本方案栽培的“陇薯8号”产量高于32t/hm~2、淀粉含量高于23.9%、维生素C含量高于200mg/kg、粗蛋白含量高于2.75%。
In order to understand the influences of fertilization and planting density on superhigh starch content potatoes, as the theoretical basis of the cultivation techniques of higher yield and higher quality of potatoes, a new potato cultivar, Longshu No.8, was employed to invastigate the influence of phosphorus, nitrogen and planting density on yield and quality of superhigh starch content potatoes. Mathematic models describing the relationship between nitrogen(X_1),phosphorus(X_2),planting density(X_3) and the yield and quality attributes of Longshu No.8 were built via a field experiment using the quadratic general rotational combination design.The results were as follows:
1. The mathematic model for three applications, nitrogen(X_1),phosphorus(X_2),planting density(X_3), and the yield(Y_1) of Longhshu No.8 was built as follow: Y_1=37.62086-2.09978X_1~2-2.03013X_2~2-2.67767X_3~2. The influencing order of three cultural factors on yield of Longshu No.8 was: planting density (X_3)> N (X_1)> P (X_2); Single factor effect analysis showed that each three cultural factor in the secondary levels had the highest yield; Too low, and too high levels could reduce the yield. Interaction effects showed that the interaction of fertilization and planting density could promote the yield when they were below 0 levels.
2. Mathematic models for three applications, nitrogen(X_1),phosphorus(X_2),planting density(X_3), and the starch content (Y_2), the vitarmin C content (Y_3), the crude protein content (Y_6)of Longshu No.8 were built respectively as follow: Y_2= 26.31810-0.88225X_1~2-1.20929X_2~2-1.39844X_3~2, Y_3=249.20-13.20X_1~2-15.64X_2~2-26.21 X_3~2, Y_6=2.74606 -0.31221X_1~2-0.29630X_2~2-0.32812X_3~2. The influencing order of three cultural factors on starch content of Longshu No.8 was: P (X_2)> planting density (X_3)> N (X_1), on vitamin C content was: N (X_1) >P (X_2) >planting density (X_3), on crude protein content was: planting density (X_3) >N (X_1) >P (X_2); Single factor effect analysis showed that each three cultural factor in the secondary levels had the highest starch content, the highest vitamin C content and the highest crude protein content. Interaction effects showed that the interaction between fertilization and planting density could promote the three contents when they were below 0 levels.
The mathematic model for three applications, nitrogen(X_1),phosphorus(X_2),planting density(X_3), and the soluble sugar content( Y4 ) of Longshu No.8 was built as follow: Y_4= 0.23516+ 0.05907X_1~2-0.02755X_2~2- 0.04346X_3~2. The influencing order of three cultural factors on soluble sugar content of Longshu No.8 was: N (X_1)> planting density (X_3)> P (X_2). Single factor effect analysis showed that when the three cultural factors was below 0 levels, the soluble sugar content decreased with the increase of nitrogen, increased with the increase of phosphorus and planting density; When the three cultural factors was beyond 0 levels, the soluble sugar content increased with the increase of nitrogen, decreased with the increase of phosphorus and planting density. Interaction analysis showed that soluble sugar content≤0.2% with the interaction between nitrogen was 105.44~194.62kg/hm~2 and non-phosphate or phosphate was 270 kg/hm~2, and soluble sugar content≤0.15% with the interaction between nitrogen was 105.44~194.62kg/hm~2 and planting density was 30,000plants/hm~2 or 52,500 plants/hm~2; Soluble sugar content decreased with the interaction between phosphate was more than 135kg/hm~2 and planting density was more than 52,500 plants/hm~2.
The mathematic model for three applications, nitrogen(X_1),phosphorus(X_2),planting density(X_3), and the reducing sugar content (Y_5) of Longshu No.8 was built as follow: Y5= 0.13564+0.02014X1-0.02137X2+0.02943X_3~2. The influencing order of three cultural factors on reducing sugar content of Longshu No.8 was: P (X_2)> N (X_1)> planting density (X_3); Single factor effect analysis showed that the reducing sugar content increased with the increases of nitrogen, reduced with the increases of phosphorus. Reducing sugar was highest content when planting density was at 0 level. Interaction effects analysis showed that the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus could reduce the reducing sugar content; Longshu No.8 has the minimum reducing sugar content (≤0.15%) with the interaction of nitrogen rated of 60.9~239.25kg/hm~2 and planting density of 30,000~52,500 plants/hm~2, or with the interaction of the phosphate rated of 0~135kg/hm~2 and planting density of 30,000~ 52,500 plants /hm~2.
3. By the simulation of the DPS, the cultivation program in high yield and top quality of Longshu No.8 was: pure N rateing of 120.96～137.8kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 rateing of 126.7～160.68 kg/hm~2, planting density rateing of 49,958～56,781 plants/hm~2. Cultivating Longshu No.8 in the humid region of high-elevation of south Gansu province with the program, the yield would be more than 32t/hm~2, starch content would be more than 23.9%, vitamin C content would be more than 200mg/kg, and crude protein content would be greater than 2.75% .
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