摘要
随着工业的发展及农业的现代化,我国土壤重金属污染日益严重,其中矿冶区周边稻田受重金属污染的风险性更高,这导致大量稻田流失荒废,受到污染的稻田不能种植水稻或大米重金属浓度严重超标,对人民生命安全造成严重危害。因此弄清冶炼厂附近稻田的污染程度,探讨污染土壤上旱稻最适淹水方式和水稻品种对重金属吸收性差异以及对矿冶区污染稻田的修复均具有极为重要意义。本文在前期调查基础上,定点采集了浙江杭州郊区某冶炼厂附近的高、低污染重金属稻田土壤,以旱稻(巴西陆稻)、水稻(中香1号)和朝天委陵菜(Potentilla supina)为供试材料,通过盆栽试验及水培试验研究了As/Cd污染土壤、不同淹水方式(旱作、淹水、间歇灌溉、前期间歇灌溉抽穗后旱作)下不同水稻品种(巴西陆稻、中香1号)地上部重金属吸收性以及朝天委陵菜对重金属耐性和修复能力。研究结果如下:
1.在土壤As浓度为6.49 mg kg~(-1)时,外加As 15 mg kg~(-1)旱作处理对旱稻的生长影响显著,旱稻对As较敏感,表现为生长不良,叶片枯黄,株高低矮,且不抽穗;外加As与否,淹水处理对旱稻生物量和As吸收性影响不显著,但旱稻各部分的重金属浓度显著提高,表明了淹水条件下外源施As增大旱稻对Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd的吸收。
2.间歇灌溉下巴西陆稻生物量较高且As的吸收量较低,这与淹水和前期间歇灌溉抽穗后旱作两种处理比较无显著差异,但重金属吸收量显著低于后两种处理。因此,间歇灌溉模式是旱稻最适宜的水分管理模式。
3.巴西陆稻与中香1号在外加As的高污染重金属土壤上,以淹水处理长势优于旱作处理。水稻淹水、陆稻淹水和水稻旱作各处理糙米中的As浓度分别为0.51、0.33、0.16 mg kg~(-1),这表明陆稻和水稻均为As低积累品种。淹水处理下,除Pb外陆稻和水稻重金属积累性相似,均显著高于旱作处理。
4.研究表明朝天委陵菜虽不符合超富集植物定义范围,但对重金属具有很高的吸收能力。该植物为喜湿植物,适合低洼潮湿土壤生长。因此,对矿冶区稻田具有潜在的修复能力。
With the development of industry and agriculture modernization, The soil pollution in China is being increased seriously by heavy metal, and the ricefield which surrounds metallurgy area and is polluted by heavy metal have higher risk. This leads to lose a mass of ricefield. Moreover, the polluted ricefield can not be used to plant rice, or the rice has high levels of heavy metal concentration, causing serious harm to people's life safety. Therefore finding out the ricefield pollution levels near smelter, researching the best flooded way of dry rice in pollution soil and the difference of heavy metal uptaking between two rice varieties, and remediating mine pollution fields all have important significance. On the basis of the survey, this study site-directly collected high and low heavy metals pollution soil in Hangzhou smelter suburb, Zhejiang province. Using dry rice (Baxi dry rice), paddy rice (Zhongxiang NO.1) and Potentilla supina as experimental plants, through the pot and hydroponics experiments, the heavy metals uptake of shoot of different rice varieties (Baxi dry rice, Zhongxiang NO. 1) was studied under arsenic and cadmium pollution soil and different flooded way(aerobic, flooded, intermit irrigation, prophase intermit irrigation aerobic after heading). Meantime, the tolerance to heavy metal and phytoremediation potential of Potentilla supina was explored. The results were as follows:
1. In the soil arsenic concentration of 6.49 mg kg~(-1), after the addition of arsenic 15 mg kg~(-1), dry rice growth under the aerobic was inhibited significantly. The toxic symptoms such as the slow growth rate of plant with yellow leaves, low height and failure of heading at maturity were very serious. It was shown that dry rice under the aerobic had higher sensitiveness to arsenic. Under the flooded treatment, the dry rice biomass and arsenic uptake is not significant, but heavy metals uptake increased markedly than under the treatments without addition of arsenic. It was indicated that the exogenous arsenic increased the uptake of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium by dry rice under the flooded treatment.
2. For Baxi dry rice, the biomass is greater and the arsenic uptake is lower under intermit irrigation, with non-significant difference compared with the flooded and prophase intermit irrigation aerobic after heading treatments. But the heavy metal uptake is significantly lower than the latter two treatments, so the intermit irrigation is the most suitable water management pattern of dry rice.
3. The biomass of Baxi dry rice and Zhongxiang NO. 1 under the flooded treatment was higher than that under the aerobic treatment in arsenic high pollution soil. The arsenic concentrations of brown rice from paddy rice flooded, dry rice flooded and paddy rice aerobic were 0.51 0.33, 0.16 mg kg~(-1), respectively, it was showed that dry rice and paddy rice both are arsenic low accumulation varieties. The two varieties' adsorption ability of heavy metal in flooded treatment (except lead) was very similar, and the concentrations of heavy metal were significantly higher than that under the aerobic treatment.
4. Although Potentilla supina wasn't in line with the criteria of hyperaccumulation plants, it had a strong ability of absorbing heavy metal. Because this species is a hygrophilous plant prefering to habitating wet and low humid soils, it has the potential function of remediating the rice paddies near the smelter.
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