摘要
冷链物流的发展给经济社会带来了一系列的变革,影响到了人们生活中的很多方面。并且随着人们对食品质量及安全问题的关注程度的提高,越来越多的食品制造及营销企业意识到冷链物流的重要性,冷链物流已经逐步成为提升企业竞争力的有效手段。目前,美、英、日等发达国家对冷链物流的规范和运用都已经比较完善,并且还不断地进行技术创新,持续发展。然而我国由于食品冷链物流起步较晚,发展水平还比较落后,许多问题有待解决。
库存管理一直是物流管理中的重点,在食品冷链物流中,由于温度控制要求高、运营成本高等特性更是成为管理的难点。科学的食品冷链物流管理,可以有效保持商品的新鲜度,降低产品变质腐败等问题所带来的损耗,减少资源浪费;同时产品品质的提升也有利于提高客户满意度,给企业带来多方面的效益。
本文首先从内涵、分类、特点以及关键控制因素几个方面对食品冷链物流做了概括和总结,并且介绍了我国的食品冷链物流的现状,提出了一些相应的发展对策。接着对库存控制理论进行了综述,并在此基础上分析了食品冷链物流的库存控制与传统的库存控制的两个主要区别:一是食品冷链库存运营成本较高;二是冷藏过程能使产品升值,延长产品的保质期。根据这两个特点,本文以利润最大为目标建立了最优订货模型进行分析。并且对于食品冷链中的季节性商品,根据其价格变化的特性对传统报童模型进行改进,建立了季节性商品的库存控制模型。详细分析了采购成本、存储成本、销售周期等因素对于企业期望利润的影响,指出食品冷链物流企业的优势所在。最后,对文章进行了总结并提出了后续研究方向的建议。
The development of cold chain logistics brings a series of economic and social change, affecting many aspects of people's lives. And with the improvement of people’s concern level on food quality and safety issues, more and more food manufacturing and marketing companies aware the importance of cold chain logistics, cold chain logistics has gradually improve the competitiveness of enterprises as an effective means. Although the norms and the use of cold chain logistics in the United States, Britain, Japan and other developed countries have been more perfect at present, they continuous technological innovation and sustainable development. However, the development level of cold chain logistics is relatively backward in China because of started late, many of the problems is to be solved.
Inventory management has always been the focus of logistics management, it also been the difficult part in the food cold chain logistics because of the high temperature control requirements and high operating costs. Scientific management of food cold chain logistics can effectively maintain the freshness of products, reduce the loss caused by product deterioration and corruption, reduce the waste of resources; the enhancement of quality of products also help to improve customer satisfaction at the same time, it can brings enterprises more benefits.
Firstly, the paper summarized the content, classification, characteristics and key control factors of food cold chain logistics, and introduced the present situation of China's food cold chain logistics and put forward some corresponding countermeasures. Then reviewed the inventory control theory, analyze the two main distinction of inventory control between the food cold chain logistics and traditional ones: First, higher operating costs; second, the process of cold storage can lead to product appreciation and shelf-life extension. According to these two characteristics, the paper aimed at maximize profit established optimal order model for analyzing. And based on the features of price changes, we promote the traditional newsboy model and establish the inventory control model for the seasonal product in the cold food chain. The paper analyzed the impact of purchasing cost, storage cost and sales cycle on the expected profit of enterprises in detail, and point out where the superiority lies in food cold chain logistics enterprises.
At last, with a summary, the paper gave some suggestions on directions for further research.
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