摘要
塑料大棚种植技术是现代农业科技的重要组成部分,是重要的保护性栽培手段之一。塑料大棚与膜下微滴灌方法相结合,可在最大程度节约灌溉用水的基础上提供有利于作物生长的室内微气候环境,从而大幅提高产量。相关研究表明,即使不依赖任何辅助设备,结构最为简单的塑料大棚也比大田条件更为优越。进入21世纪以来,大棚和温室技术的重点已经不再是简单的高产,而在于尽可能在增产的同时不断提高作物特别是高附加值作物的品质。
大棚微气候的显著特点是其空间分布的不均匀性。较大的温度梯度甚至可以使室内不同区域的温度相差近5℃。这样的温差不仅会造成作物产量和品质的参差不齐,也会导致病虫害的发生。事实上,过热的区域为害虫繁殖提供了条件；而在较冷处,相对湿度的上升有利于真菌的生长。充分和深入研究大棚微气候变化和分布,研究大棚内各个环境要素之间的相互耦合作用以及调控方法,是从根本上解决大棚微气候均匀性问题的必要前提和先决条件。为此,本文由大棚微气候产生的物理原理出发,在此基础上研究和发展得到了较为全面的机理型模型。利用计算流体动力学方法(Computational Fluid Dynamics,简写为CFD)进行模拟计算,对大棚室内微气候、通风过程中大棚作物的蒸腾规律进行了较为深入的研究。主要包括：
第1章,在广泛阅读和深入分析大量国内外相关研究成果的基础上,对大棚微气候的形成机制和当前国内外对于大棚微气候的研究进展做了详尽综述；讨论了利用CFD进行模拟计算的数学建模和求解方法,是本文理论工作展开的基础。
第2章,利用分形几何理论和方法,引入了两个用以定量描述作物叶冠部分多孔细微结构的统计分维参数。通过对作物的二维数字图像照片的处理和模式分析,得到了这些参数的具体数值。分析结果证明了理论假设的合理性,揭示了作物叶冠微结构具有分形性质。该性质的引入,为建立较为准确描述作物冠层结构及其分布的数学模型提供了新的启示和思路。
第3章,研究并建立了大棚的室内微气候变化数学模型,该模型能够较准确地描述大棚内微气候变量的分布和相互耦合作用。模型以流体力学的基本方程(Navier-Stokes方程)为基础,在其中分别嵌入了两个子模型,包括一个用于描述墙壁、屋顶和覆盖材料表面相互耦合的对流热传递及太阳辐射能量交换的子模型；另一个为创新性地使用了分形渗透性理论发展得到的作物形态子模型。所建立的数学模型能够描述非线性大棚复杂环境系统的微气候变化规律。模型求解及计算结果表明,该模型是研究微气象特征和优化大结构棚设计的新的有效工具。
第4章,根据所建立的微气候理论模型,基于CFD模拟研究了常见的扇形截面塑料大棚内的微气候变化规律。通过数值计算结果和实验数据的对比分析,证明所建模型是成功的。利用该模型探索了大棚中各种微气候变量的空间分布规律,揭示了扇形截面塑料大棚与地中海型多齿温室中的气流模式以及温湿度的不同特征。
第5章,通过CFD模拟确定了我国使用的扇形截面塑料大棚的通风参数。在考虑了作物形态分形特征的前提下,提出了一种计算大棚通风率的简捷方法。该方法由于计算简单快捷,可用于在普通微机上根据外界环境变量的变化实现大棚环境的通风调控。模拟计算结果表明,相对于国外所使用温室而言,我国扇形截面塑料大棚在各种环境风速下能够保持较好的通风条件和室内通风气流流向,所得成果对大棚微气侯智能调控的发展具有一定的参考价值。
第6章,利用通风参数确定的通风率,进一步预测了大棚作物的蒸腾率,验证了通风参数的结果和计算方法的正确性。模拟结果和试验数据的比较分析显示,采用CFD与均匀混合模型相结合的模型与方法能够有效描述通风特征和通风状态下的作物蒸腾规律。研究结果证明了该方法的有效性、合理性和实用性。
第7章,对本文的研究工作和成果进行了总结,并提出了进一步研究工作的重点和展望。
本文的研究表明,基于流体理论、辐射传输(Radiative Transfer)理论和分形理论所建立的大棚微气候模拟模型是有效的。利用计算流体动力学工具能够实现模型的模拟计算,可定性定量的描述塑料大棚内的微气候变化规律以及通风特征。研究工作取得的成果不仅能对制定塑料大棚的生产管理制度提供科学依据,也可作为进一步研究大棚内土壤-作物-环境连续系统(SPEC系统)的理论基础。
Plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse technology is an indispensable part of modern agriculture, as well as an important protective cultivation method. Integrated with drip irrigation under soil covering plastic mulsh, modern polyhouse cultivation provides indoor microclimate favorable for crop growing with the minimum irrigation water requirement, greatly improving production. According to related research, the simplest polyhouse without any complemental conditioning devices provides better production than open field. Since the beginning of the21st century, the emphasis of polyhouse and greenhouse technology is no longer a simple pursuit of quanitity, but on improving crop quality, especially with high added value, under the premise of better production.
The most notable aspect of microclimate in a plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse is its heterogeneity. Large temperature gradient reportedly resulted up to5degrees celsius difference of two different areas in a same greenhouse. This heterogeneity not only leads to non-uniform in crop quality and production, but also be the reason for pest and disease. As a matter of fact, hot areas give rise to pest infestation, while at the cold areas relative humidity is relatively higher which causes fungi. Extensively in-depth studies on plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse microclimate and the coupled interactions among environmental factors, as well as regulation method of this microclimate, are essential prerequiseites of solving the long-term plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse microclimate heterogeneity problem. For this reason, a comprehensive mechanism microclimate model developed basing itself on basic physics laws is presented in this dissertation. Through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse microclimate, its ventilation process and crop transpiration under this circumstances are throughly studied, summarising as follows:
In chapter1, the mechanism of generating plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse microclimate is introduced, as is the domestic and abroad research progress. Mathematic methodology used in our research is thoroughly discussed. Content in this chapter provides theoretical foundation for following studies.
In chapter2, basing on fractal geometry theory and methods, two statistical fractal dimensions are introduced for the purpose of giving quantitative description of the microstructure within crop canopy. Using graphics processing and pattern recognition for2-D digital photo images of the crop, specific values of these parameters are acquired. Satisfactory analysis result shows consistency with hypothesis, porous structure of canopy thus revealed to be of fractal characteristics. This work improves methodology for detailed mathematic modeling of crop canopy structure and distributing density.
In chapter3, an indoor microclimate model for plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse is developed basing on basic fluid dynamics law of Navier-Stokes equation to give better description of climate heterogeneity and interactions among environmental factors. Two sub-models are included. One of which is A radiation sub-model added to describe the coupling of convective transfers and radiative exchanges at the cover and the roof, instead of using the usual coupling approach based on energy balance. The other is a fractal permeability sub-model innovatively adopted in the modelling of the crop canopy. Later study suggests that this deliberately developed nonlinear mechanism system model, along with its relatively steadier and quicker3-D CFD simulation, can be served as a useful tool in macroclimate research and polyhouse design investigating.
In chapter4, a microclimate study is conducted using CFD simulation of our theoretical model for a typical plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse (with a sector shape vertical cross-section) popularly used in central China, Compared the numerical results with measured experimental data, the model is proved to be successful; which then (with its simulations) is used to explore the microclimate variable distributions in the plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse. It shows that different airflow pattern, temperature and humidity profiles from those in a sawtooth Mediterranean-type greenhouse can be found.
In chapter5, the wind pressure coefficient and discharge coefficient of a same type plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse are determined through3-D CFD simulation. Combining the popular ventilation formula and fractal permeability model which we have used in our microclimate study, our method provides a concise way in calculating ventilation rate. The result shows that this method gives ventilation characteristics, coefficients rather quick and easy under steady-state hypothesis. It is also found this Chinese plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse provides good ventilation and constant indoor airflow direction. The calculating process is time-economical and simple thus can be in favor of robotizing using personal computer.
In chapter6, crop transpiration is determind by ventilation rate calculated using the formula regarding wind pressure coefficient and discharge coefficient aquired both by CFD simulation. Checked by comparing with measured experimental data, the calculated transpiration rate is proved to be effective, thus validates the method itself. The best corresponding result comes in noon. This work not only gives good reference result for studying transpiration rate but also shows the mentioned method effective, reasonable and its results realizable and valuable for future robotized regulation system of a plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse.
In chapter7, issue by issue discussion is devoted for further studies on plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse climate and its interdisciplinary expansion.
Our study indicates the mechanism model based on fluid dynamics, radiative transfer equation and fractal theory valid. CFD simulation of this model gives qualitatively and quantatively results about microclimate and ventilation of plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse. The results acquired provide guidance in daily plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse management. The model itself serves as foundation for further studies on soil-plant-environment-coutinuum system and water saving effect of plastic-film covered sunlight greenhouse cultivation.
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