摘要
枣（Ziziphus jujuba Mill）是我国重要的经济林树种之一，具有栽培省工、适应性强、结果早、收益快、一年栽培多年收益的特点，而且能绿化荒山、保持水土、防风固沙、降低风速、调节气温、防止和减轻干热风对农作物的危害，利于生态平衡。但由于水分管理措施陈旧，造成了严重的落花落果、皱果、缩果、裂果现象，果品质量不断下降。研究枣树树干茎流，对于深入了解枣树的水分利用规律、合理灌溉、经济利用水资源、提高枣的果品质量具有重要的实际意义。为此，本文采用目前世界上先进的热平衡茎流测定技术，系统地研究了枣树茎流的规律与环境因子的关系。结果表明： ①留圃枣树茎流速率日变化是单峰曲线。春季最大茎流速率在13：00～14：00达最大值，为71.4 g·h-1； 秋季14：00左右达最大值，为33.4 g·h-1。移植枣树为不对称的双峰曲线，第一个峰值一般在茎流启动时，春季为19.6 g·h-1,秋季为28.1 g·h-1；第二个峰值出现在13：00～14：00，春季为3ｇ～４g·h-1，秋季为27 g·h-1。②春季留圃枣树茎流日累计量达到了573g.d-1，移植枣树茎流累计量非常小，为21.2 g.d-1，仅为留圃枣树的4%。③枣树不同生长期的茎流速率不同，生长初期茎流速率很小，平均为4.6 g·h-1；生长旺期和生长盛期的平均茎流速率相对较大，平均为21 g·h-1；生长末期茎流速率低于生长旺期、盛期，相当于生长旺期的39%，比生长盛期要低58%，但要比生长初期大将近２倍。④ 环境因子对枣树茎流具有显著的影响。太阳辐射强度、空气温度、土壤温度、风速与枣树茎流速率正相关，而空气相对湿度与枣树茎流速率负相关。根据所得到的模型，太阳辐射强度和空气温度是影响茎流速率的关键因子。⑤ 土壤含水量对枣树茎流速率起着关键作用，茎流速率随着20cm处的土壤含水量的降低而减小。
⑥枣树的茎流速率与叶水势线性回归显著，回归系数平方达到0.659，曲线拟合的结果表明光化学效率与枣树茎流速率为显著的二次曲线关系。⑦通过模型预测枣树的潜在茎流速率，发现与实测茎流速率基本一致，预测效果较好。进一步计算出枣树全年生长期中潜在茎流速率的平均值为15.98 g·h-1，由此得出，在试验条件下，如按每亩111株造林密度造林，则二年生枣树幼林的耗水量为11.7mm。
The rule of stem sap flow of jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill) was studied in the thesis by the measurement technology of thermal balance. The results showed: ①The curve of diurnal variation of stem sap flow rate(SR) had one peak for leaving garden jujube tree, which occurred at 14:00.The peak value was 71.4 g·h-1 in spring, and 33.4 g·h-1 in autumn. The curve of SR to transplanted jujube tree was demonstrated two peaks, which appeared at starting time and 14:00 respectively. The first peak value was 19.6 g·h-1 in spring , 28.1 g·h-1 in autumn; The second one was ４g·h-1 in spring, 27 g·h-1 in autumn. ②Diurnal accumulated flux of leaving garden jujube tree in spring was 573g·d-1,that of transplanted tree was 21.2 g·d-1, which only 4% compared with that of leaving garden jujube tree.③SR of Jujube tree was different in different growth period, which was very weak in initial growth stage and strong in the prosperous growth stage and little in latter stage. The average value of SR in initial growth stage was 4.6 g·d-1 and the prosperous growth stage was 21 g·h-1. The average value of SR in latter was lower by 58% than that in prosperous stages, and was 2 times more than that in initial stage.④ The influence of environmental factors on SR of Jujube tree is remarkable. Photon flux density, air temperature, soil temperature, wind speed and stem sap flow rate were positive correlation, however, the relation of air relative humidity and stem flow rate were minus correlation. The established regression model indicated that the solar radiation intensity and air temperature played very important roles among the environmental factors.⑤Soil water content played a key role to SR of jujube tree, SR reduced with the soil water
content at the depth of 20cm.⑥Linear regression between leaf water potential and stem sap flow rate of jujube tree was remarkable, and the square of coefficient correlation reached 0.659.The relationship between photochemistry efficiency and stem sap flow rate of jujube tree was conic.⑦Through the model of potential stem sap flow rate, there was unobvious difference comparing with the survey data, so the model was better. It is calculated that the average of the Jujube tree potential stem sap flow rate was 15.98 g·h-1 of one year. Therefore, if 1665 trees were planted in one hectare, the amount of water consumed by the young jujube tree in forestland would be 11.7mm in the second year.
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