摘要
采用热扩散式探针法对湿地松(Pinus elliottii)树干液流密度及环境因子进行长期连续测定，同时辅以树干(枝条)解析等生长量调查方法，建立了我国亚热带红壤丘陵地带湿地松水分耗失与碳蓄积之间的耦合关系，主要结论如下：
(1)湿地松胸径、树高、材积生长模型均以二次曲线的拟合优度最高，相关关系的判定系数在0.99以上。树干、树冠生长量与胸径生长量间均呈显著的幂函数相关关系，相关关系的判定系数分别为0.8242和0.9568。
(2)阳坡向湿地松胸径生长主要受≥10℃积温、日照时数、和前一年降雨量影响，复相关系数为0.935；阴坡向胸径生长仅受相对湿度影响，相关系数为0.901。两坡向树高生长主要受均温、日照时数、相对湿度、前一年降雨量影响，复相关系数分别为0.827和0.882。两坡向材积生长主要受均温、≥10℃积温、日照时数、相对湿度影响，复相关系数分别为0.749和0.723。当年降雨量对该区湿地松生长不起限制作用。
(3)各器官碳素含量为叶(52.62±0.38～54.38±0.26)％＞枝(51.18±0.55～52.26±0.41)％＞干材(51.41±0.39)％＞根(51.28±0.22～51.77±0.32)％＞干皮(50.92±0.46)％。灌木层、草本层、凋落物层碳素含量分别为(44.90±0.45～45.47±0.35)％、(42.13±0.44～42.42±0.39)％、(40.88±0.31)％。土壤(0～60cm)碳素含量为(0.26±0.07～0.65±0.06)％。生物量加权法得出湿地松林平均碳素含量为(51.71±0.37)％。19年生湿地松乔木层碳贮量为86.78t·hm~(-2)，年净固定CO_2量为16.77t·hm~(-2)，年净释O_2量为12.20t·hm~(-2)。各种方法计算出的固碳释氧效益在6072.31～10610.78元·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)波动。
(4)湿地松各生长期白天液流密度的日变化规律基本一致，但液流启动、到达峰值及开始下降的时间存在差异。3～9月液流量分别占全年总量的4.3820％、7.7036％、17.2084％、18.4208％、14.3629％、11.2381％、8.8279％、7.5221％。整个生长期液流量占全年总量的89.6658％，非生长期仅占10.3342％。
(5)湿地松边材面积与胸径(带皮)呈极显著二次函数相关，相关关系的判定系数达0.943。液流速率平均值、最大值与胸径均呈显著的幂函数关系，相关关系的判定系数均在0.98以上。各生长期日累计液流量与边材面积间均呈极显著的线性相关关系，相关系数的判定系数都在0.95以上。
(6)液流密度与冠层温度、冠层相对湿度、光合有效辐射均呈显著的线性相关关系。液流密度与上述3个因子建立的多元线性回归方程相关性显著，各因子偏相关系数显著性检验的概率p均小于0.001。各气象因子与液流密度相关程度大小顺序为冠层相对湿度＞光合有效辐射＞冠层温度。
(7)2004年整个湿地松标准地(20m×20m)耗水量为177.8526m~3·a~(-1)，换算成单位面积上的水深为444.63mm·a~(-1)，低于该区多年平均降雨量(1000mm以上)。经预测，未来10年湿地松林分潜在耗水量(单位：mm)依次为469.76、494.92、520.28、545.66、571.13、596.67、622.28、647.96、673.72、699.54。湿地松水分利用效率为58.5123μmolCO_2·mmol~(-1)H_2O或1.7731g干物质·kg~(-1)H_2O。
Whole-tree sap flow density (SFD) was measured on 6 trees continuously in anartificial Pinus elliottii forest using Granier's thermal dissipation probe method withseveral environmental factors including meteorological variables and soil variablesmeasured simultaneously in Qian Yanzhou Experimental Station, located in Taihecounty, Jiangxi Province. At the same time, stem analysis and branch analysis wereutilized to investigate whole-tree growth. The aim of this paper was to explore thecoupling relationship between water consumption and carbon sequestration of P.elliottii and provide scientific methods and fundamental data for the research onwater-carbon coupling cycle in subtropical red earth hilly area of our country. Themain obtained results were as follows:
First, significant quadratic correlations were found between three growth indexincluding diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, stem volume and tree age withall r~2 high above 0.99. Stem growth and crown growth both correlated significantlywith DBH increment in power function, with r~2 0.8242 and 0.9568 separately.
Second, the DBH increment of P. elliottii in sunny slope was mainly affected by≥10℃accumulated temperature (≥10℃AT), sunshine hours (SH) and precipitation inthe year before (PB) with r~2 0.935. The DBH increment in shady slope correlated onlywith relative humidity (RH) with r~2 0.901. The height increment in both sunny slopeand shady slope were affected by average temperature (AT), SH, RH, PB with r~20.827 and 0.882 separately. The volume increment in both slope sides dependedmainly on AT,≥10℃AT, SH, RH with r~2 0.749 and 0.723 separately. Precipitation inthe current year had no limitation to P. elliottii growth in this area. The correlationtests for all equations were significant at the level of 0.05.
Third, the carbon content in different organs of P. elliottii decreased in the order ofleaf (52.62±0.38～54.38±0.26) %＞branch (51.18±0.55～52.26±0.41) %＞wood(51.41±0.39) %＞root (51.28±0.22～51.77±0.32) %＞bark (50.92±0.46)%. Thecarbon content in branches and leaves increased with the age of organs. The leaf carbon content of mid-layer was slightly higher than that of the mid-and up-layers.And the branch carbon content of the down-layer was much higher than that of theother two layers. The carbon content in shrub, herb and litter floor was (44.90±0.4545.47±0.35) %, (42.13±0.44～42.42±0.39)%, (40.88±0.31)%, respectively. Theaverage carbon content in the soil ranged between (0.26±0.07)% and (0.65±0.06)%, and declined with the soil depth. The average carbon content of P. elliottiicalculated from biomass weight methods was ablout (51.71±0.37)%. The totalcarbon storage of 19-year-old P. elliottii over storey amounted to 86·18t·hm~(-2). Theannual net CO_2 fixation and O_2 production were calculated as 16.77t·hm~(-2) and12.20t·hm~(-2)separately. The benefits from CO_2 fixation and O_2 estimated fromdifferent methods varied in the range of 6072.31～10610.78yuan.hm~(-2)·a~(-1).
Fourth, diurnal sap flow in different growing periods was basically similar. Butsome differences still occurred in the time of starting, reaching peaks and descending.The accumulative sap flux from March and September accounted for 4.3820%,7.7036%, 17.2084%, 18.4208%, 14.3629%, 11.2381%, 8.8279%, and 7.5221% of thewhole-year sap flux separately. To sum up, the growing periods and non-growingperiods occupied 89.6658% and 10.3342.% of total sap flux, respectively.
Fifth, a significant quadratic correlation was found between sapwood area (SWA)and DBH with r~2 0.943 of P. elliottii. SFD correlated well with DBH in powerfunctions with r~2 higher than 0.98. Daily cumulative sap flow in different growingperiods correlated linearly with sapwood area with all r~2 higher than 0.95.
Six, SFD was mainly affected by three meteorological factors including canopytemperature (CT), canopy relative humidity (CRH) and photosynthetically activeradiation (PAR). Correlations between, SFD and the three separate factors wereexpressed well by linear regression models. Multiple-linear model between SFD andthe three integrated factors was also established. All equations and correlationparameters were significant at the level of 0.01. The sequence of correlated degrees ofthree factors was as follows: CRH＞PAR＞CT.
(7) The total water consumption of P. elliottii stand (20m×20m) in 2004 was177.8526m~3·a~(-1)(444.63mm·a~(-1) expressed as water depth per area), much lower thanthe average annual precipitation (1000mm) in this area. Estimated from potential water consumption model, the water consumption of P elliottii plantation in futural10 years were 469.76mm, 494.92mm, 520.28mm, 545.66mm, 571.13mm, 596.67 mm,622.28mm, 647.96mm,673.72mm,699.54mm. Based on the results of tree growth andwater use, the WUE of P. elliottii was calculated as 58.5123μmolCO_2·mmol~(-1)H_2O or1.7731 gDW-kg~(-1)H_2O.
引文
[1] 刘璨．温室效应及林业对策[J]．世界林业研究，1993，(5)：1～8．
[2] 李意德，中国热带天然林变迁对大气CO_2的影响及经济损益评估[J]．生态科学，1999，18(2)：1～7．
[3] Siddigi T A．亚洲化石燃料利用所产生的二氧化碳排放：总的看法[J]．AMBIO(中文版)，1996，25(4)：228～231．
[4] 李志刚，刘晓春．中国的生态安全问题[J]．生态经济，2002(8)：10～13．
[5] 周晓峰．中国森林与生态环境[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1999．
[6] 曹文强．山西太岳山主要树种树干液流研究[D]．北京林业大学硕士学位论文，2003．
[7] 罗先香，杨建强．中国西北干旱区水资源可持续利用对策研究[J]．地域研究与开发，2003，22(1)：73～76．
[8] 中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组．中国可持续发展林业战略研究总论[M]．中国林业出版社，2002．
[9] 阮成江，李代琼，姜峻，等．半干旱黄土丘陵区沙棘的水分生理生态及群落特性研究[J]．西北植物学报，2000，20(4)：621～627．
[10] 刘昌明．土壤-植物-大气连续体系统水分运行的界面过程研究[J]．地理学报，1997，52(4)：366～373．
[11] Farquhar G D,Sharkey T D.Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1982a,33:317～345.
[12] Monteith J L. Does transpiration limit the growth of vegetation or vice versa [J]?Journal of Hydrology, 1988, 100, 57～68.
[13] Catovsky S,Holbrook N M,Bazzaz F A.Coupling whole-tree transpiration and canopy photosynthesis in coniferous and broad-leaved tree species[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2002,32:295～309.
[14] Baldocchi D D,Harley P C.Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest. Ⅱ.Model testing and application [J].Plant,Cell and Environment. 1995,18 (10), 1157～1173.
[15] Choudhury B J,Di Girolamo N E.A biophysical process-based estimate of global land surface evaporation using satelliteand ancillary data. Ⅰ. Model description and comparison with observations. Journal of Hydrology, 1998,205,164～185.
[16] Kuchment L S,Demidov V N, Startseva Z P.Coupled modeling of the hydrological and carbon cycles in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system.[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,323:4～21.
[17] Landsberg J J,Waring R H.A generalised model of forest productivity using simplified concepts of radiation- use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning [J].Forest Ecology and Management, 1997,95,209～228.
[18] Landsberg J J,Johnson K H,Albaugh T J,et al.Applying 3-PG,a simple process-based model designed to produce practical results,to data from loblolly pine experiments[J].Forest Science,2000,47,43～51.
[19] 张桃林，王兴祥．土壤退化研究的进展与趋向[J]．自然资源学报，2000，15(3)：280～284．
[20] 王金叶，车克钩，蒋志荣．祁连山青海云杉林碳平衡研究[J]．西北林学院学报，2000，15(1)：9～14．
[21] 曹军，张镱锂，刘燕华．近20年海南岛森林生态系统碳储量变化[J]．地理研究，2002，21(5)：551～560．
[22] 桑卫国，马克平，陈灵芝．暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算[J]．植物生态学报，2002，26(5)543～548．
[23] 方运霆，莫江明，彭少麟，等．森林演替在南亚热带森林生态系统碳吸存中的作用[J]．生态学报，2003，23(9)：1685～1694．
[24] 周国逸，周存宇，刘曙光，等．季风常绿阔叶林恢复演替系列地下部分碳平衡及累积速率[J]．中国科学D辑-地球科学，2005，35(6)：502～510．
[25] 阮宏华，姜志林，高苏铭．苏南丘陵主要森林类型碳循环研究含量与分布规律[J]．生态学杂志，1997，16(6)：17～21．
[26] 雷丕锋，项文化，田大伦，等．樟树人工林生态系统碳素贮量与分布研究[J]．生态学杂志，2004，23(4)：25～30．
[27] 田大伦，方晰．湖南会同杉木人工林生态系统的碳素含量[J]．中南林学院学报，2004a，24(2)：1～5．
[28] 田大伦，方晰，项文化．湖南会同杉木人工林生态系统碳素密度[J]．生态学报，2004b，24(11)：2382～2386．
[29] Dixon R K, Brown S, Houghton R A.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J]. Science, 1994,262:185～190.
[30] 徐德应，刘世荣．温室效应、全球变暖与林业[J]．世界林业研究，1992，5(1)：25～28．
[31] Brown S.Present and potential roles of forests in the global climate change debate[J]. Unasylva, 1996,47:3～10.
[32] Qi Y Xu M.Separating the effects of moisture and temperature on soil CO_2 efflux in a coniferous in the Sierra Nevada mountains [J].Plant and Soil,2001,237(1): 15～23.
[33] Houghton R A,Haeckler J L,Lawrence K T.The US carbon budget: contributions from land-use change [J].Science,1999,285:574～578.
[34] Schindler D W.The mysterious missing sink [J].Nature, 1999,398:105～106.
[35] Keeling R F,Piper S C,Heimann M.Global and hemispheric CO_2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric CO_2 concentration [J].Nature, 1996,381:218～221.
[36] 刘国华，傅伯杰，方精云．中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献[J]．生态学报，2000，20(5)：733～740．
[37] Kauppi P E,Mielikainen K,Kuusela K.Biomass and carbon budget of European forests,1971～1990[J].Science,1992,256:70～74.
[38] Yamamoto S,Saigusa N,Murayama S,et al.Long-term results of flux measurement from a temperate deciduous forest site (Takeyama) [A].In: Proceedings of International Workshop for Advanced Flux Network and Flux Evaluation [C].Sapporo:ASAHI Printing CO_2,2001,Ltd,5～10.
[39] Oliver L Phillips,Sandra Brown.Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from long-term plots [J].Science,1998,282:439～442.
[40] Woodwell G D,Mackenzie F T,Houghton R A, et al.Biotic feedbacks in the wanning of the earth [J].Climate Change, 1998,40:495～518.
[41] 毛子军．森林生态系统碳平衡估测方法及其研究进展[J]．植物生态学报，2002，26(6)：731～738．
[42] Potter C S.Terrestrial biomass and the effects of deforestation on the Global Carbon [J].Bioscience, 1999, 49(10):769～778.
[43] Schimel D,Melillo J,Tian H Q,et al.Contribution of increasing CO_2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystem in the United States[J].Science,2000,287:2004～2006.
[44] Valentini R,Angelis P D,Matteucci G,et al.Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the atom-sphere[J].Global Change Biology, 1996,2:199～207.
[45] 方精云，陈安平．中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义[J]．植物学报，2001，43(9)：967～973．
[46] 王效科，冯宗炜．中国森林生态系统中植物固定大气碳的潜力[J]．生态学杂志，2000，19(4)：72～74．
[47] Alban D H,Perala D A.Carbon storage in Lake States aspen ecosystems[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1992,22:1107～1110.
[48] Fan S M,Glorr M,Mahlman J.Large terrestrial carbon sink in North America implied by atmospheric and oceanic CO_2,data and models [J].Science, 1998,282: 442～446.
[49] Alexeyev V,Birdsey R, Stakanov V,et al.Carbon in vegetation of Russian forests: methods to estimate storage and geographical distribution[J].Water, Air and Soil Poll,1995,82:271～282.
[50] Apps M J,Kurz W A.Assessing the role of Canadian forests and forest sector activities in the global carbon balance [J].World Resource Review, 1991,3 (4):333～343.
[51] Tunner D P,Koepper G J,Harmon M E,et al.A carbon budget for forests of the conterminous United States[J].Ecological Application, 1995,5:421～436.
[52] WBGU.WBGU Special Report The Accounting of Biological Sinks and Sources Under the Kyoto Protocol[R], 1998.
[53] 尉海东．中亚热带三种人工林生态系统碳贮量及土壤呼吸研究[D]．福建农林大学硕士学位论文，2005．
[54] 冯宗炜，王效科，吴刚．中国森林生态系统的生物量和生产力[M]北京：科学出版社，1999．
[55] 方精云，刘国华，徐嵩龄．我国森林植被的生物量和净生产量[J]．生态学报，1996，16(5)：497～508．
[56] 康惠宁，马钦彦，袁嘉祖．中国森林C汇功能基本估计[J]．应用生态学报，1996，7(3)：230～234．
[57] 周玉荣，于振良，赵士洞，等．我国主要森林生态系统的碳贮量和碳平衡[J]．植物生态报，2000，24(5)：518～522．
[58] 赵敏，周广胜．中国森林生态系统的植物碳贮量及其影响因子分析[J]．地理科学，2004，24(1)：50～54．
[59] Houghton R A,Skole D L,Nobre C A,et al.Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon[J].Nature,2000,403:301～304.
[60] Fang J Y,Chen A P,Peng C H,et al.Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998[J].Science,2001(291):2320～2322.
[61] Ni J.Net primary productivity in forests of China:scaling up of national inventory data and comparison with model predictions [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,176:485～495.
[62] 李克让主编．土地利用变化和温室气体净排放与陆地生态系统碳循环[M]．北京：气象出版社，2002，1～3．
[63] 方运霆，莫江明，Sandra Brown，等．鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征[J]．生态学报，2004，24(1)：135～142．
[64] 邵月红，潘剑君，孙波．不同森林植被下土壤有机碳的分解特征及碳库研究[J]．水土保持学报，2005，19(3)：24～28．
[65] 杨金艳，王传宽．东北东部森林生态系统土壤碳贮量和碳通量[J]．生态学报，2005，25(11)：2875～2882．
[66] 周国模，姜培坤．毛竹林的碳密度和碳贮量及其空间分布[J]．林业科学，2004，40(6)：20～24．
[67] 李跃林，彭少麟，赵平，等．鹤山几种不同土地利用方式的土壤碳储量研究[J]．山地学报，2002，20(5)：548～552．
[68] 徐香兰，张科利，徐宪立，等．黄土高原地区土壤有机碳估算及其分布规律分析[J]．水土保持学报，2003，17(3)：13～15．
[69] 王效科，冯宗炜．森林生态系统中生物量和碳贮量的研究历史[A]．见：王如松主编．现代生态学热点[M]．北京：中国科学与技术出版社，1995：335～347．
[70] 方精云．北纬中高纬度的森林碳库可能远小于目前的估算[J]．植物生态学报，2000．，24(5)：635～638．
[71] Marland G..The prospect of solving the carbon dioxide problem forestation [M].U.S.Department of Energy, DOE/NBB-0082, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.TN, 1998.
[72] 陶波，葛全胜，李克让，等．陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展[J]．地理研究，2001，(5)：564～575．
[73] Kolchugina, Tatyana P,Ted S Vinson.Comparison of two methods to assess the carbon budget of forest biomass in the former Soviet Union [J].Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1993,70:207～221.
[74] Holdridge L R.Determination of world plant formation from simple climate data [J],Science,1977,105:367～367.
[75] Leith H.Modeling the primary production of the world [A].In:Leith H,Whittaker R H eds.Primary Productivity of Biosphere [M].New York:Springer, 1975,40:237～263.
[76] Friedlingstein C,Delire C,Muller J F.The climate induced variation of continental biosphere:A model simulation of the last glacial maximum [J].Geophysical Research Letter,1992,19:897～900.
[77] Francois L M,Delire C,Warnant P.Modeling the glacial-interglacial changes in the continental biosphere [J].Global and Planetary Change, 1998,(16-17):37～52.
[78] Ludeke M K B, Badeck F W, Otto R D, et al. The Frankfurt Biosphere Model: A global process oriented model for the seasonal and long-tern CO_2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere [J]. Climate Research, 1994, 4: 143～166.
[79] Melillo J M, McGuire A D, Kicklighter D W. Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production [J]. Nature, 1993, 363: 234～240.
[80] Haxeltine A, Prentice I C. BIOM3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere models based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1996, 10: 693～709.
[81] Cramer W, Kicklighte W D, Bondeau. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity(NPP): overview and key results[J]. Global Change Biology, 1999, 5(1): 1～15.
[82] 吕超群．陆地生态系统碳密度格局研究概述[J]．植物生态学报，2004，28(5)：692～703．
[83] Spencer R D, Green M A, Blggs P H. Integrating Eucalypt Forest Inventory and GIS in Western Australia[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1997, 63(12): 1345～1351.
[84] 张佳华，符淙斌．生物量估测模型中遥感信息与植被光合参数的关系研究[J]．测绘学报，1999，28(2)：128～129．
[85] Holben B, Tucker C J, Fan C J. Spectral assessment of soybean leaf area and leaf biomass[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1980, 46: 651～656.
[86] Hame T, Salli A, Andersson K, et al. A New Methodology for the Estimation of Biomass of Conifer dominated Boreal Forest Using NOAA/AVHRR Data[J]. Perception & Psychophysics, 1997, 18(15): 3211～3243.
[87] Lefsky M A, D Harding, W B Cohen, et al. Surface lidar remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1999, 67: 83～98.
[88] Fransson J E S and Israelsson H. Estimation of stem volume in boreal forests using ERS-I C and JERS-I L-band SAR data[J]. Remote sensing, 1999, 20(1): 213～238.
[89] Boyd D S, Foody G M, Curran P J. The Relationship Between the Biomass of Cameroonian Tropical Forests and Radiation Reflected in Middle Infrared Wave lengths[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1999, 20 (5): 1017～1023.
[90] Goops. Improvement in predicting stand growth of Pinus radiate(D. Don) across landscapes using NOAH AVHRR and Landsat MASS imagery combined with a forest growth process model (3-PGS)[J]. Photogrammetric Engeineering and Remote Sensing, 1999, 65(10): 1149～1156.
[91] 杨存建，张增祥，党承林，等．不同树种组的热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析[J]．遥感技术与应用，2004，19(4)：232～235．
[92] Constantina J, Grelleb A, Ibroma A, Morgenstema K. Flux partitioning between understorey and overstorey in aboreal spruce/pine forest determined by the eddy covariance method [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1999: 98～99, 629～643.
[93] Finnigan J J, Leuning R. Long term flux measurements2co2 ordinate system and averaging [A]. In: CGER (eds). Proceedings of International Workshop for Advanced Flux Network and Flux Evaluation[C]. Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido University, 2000: 51～56.
[94] 宋霞，刘允芬，徐小锋．箱法和涡度相关法测碳通量的比较研究[J]．江西科学，2003，21(3)：206～210．
[95] 王华田．北京市水源保护林区主要树种耗水性研究[D]．北京林业大学博士学位论文，2002．
[96] Vertssy R A, Benyon R G, Sullivan S K O, et al. Relationships between stem diameter, sapwood area, leaf area and transpiration in a young mountain ash forest [J]. Tree Physiology, 1995, 15: 559～567.
[97] 吕厚荃，于贵瑞．几种实际蒸散计算方法在土壤水分模拟中的应用[J]．资源科学．2001，23(6)：85～90．
[98] 魏天兴，朱金兆，张学培，等．晋西黄土区刺槐人工林地耗水规律的研究[J]．北京林业大学学报，1998，20(4)：36～40．
[99] Wullschleger S D. Whole-plant water flux in understory red maple exposed to altered precipitation regimes[J]. Tree Physiology, 1998, 18: 71～79.
[100] Calder I R. Water use by forests, limits and controls[J]. Tree Physilology, 1998, 18: 625～631.
[101] 孙鹏森．京北水源保护林树种不同尺度耗水特性及林分配置的研究[D]．北京林业大学博士学位论文，2000．
[102] Parker J. The cut-leaf method and estimations of diurnal trends in transpiration from different heights and sides of an oak and a pine [J].Botanical Gazette, 1957, 119: 93～101.
[103] 刘奉觉．用快速称重法测定杨树蒸腾速率的技术研究[J]．林业科学研究，1990，3(2)：162～165．
[104] Roberts J. The use of tree-cutting technique in the study of water relation of mature Pinus Sylvestris L[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1977, 28: 751～767.
[105] Dunin F X, Greenwood E A N. Evaluation of the ventilated chamber for measuring evaporation from forest [J]. Hydrological Processes, 1986, 1: 47～62.
[106] Dye P J, Olbrich B W, Calder L R. A comparison of heat pulse method and deuterium tracing method for measuring transpiration from Eucalyptus grandis trees [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1992, 43: 337～343.
[107] 李海涛，陈灵芝．用于测定干木质部蒸腾液流的热脉冲技术研究概况[J]．植物学通报，1997，14(4)：24～27．
[108] 严昌荣，Downey A，韩兴国，陈灵芝．北京山区落叶阔叶林中核桃楸在生长中期的树干液流研究[J]．生态学报，1999，19(6)：793～797．
[109] Granier A, Huc R, Barigah S T. Transpiration of natural rain forest and its dependence on climatic factors[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1996a, 78: 19～29.
[110] Granier A, Breda N, Dreyer E. et al. Modelling canopy conductance and stand transpiration of an oak forest from sap flow measurements[J]. Annals of Forest Science, 1996b, 53(2-3): 537～546.
[111] Raschi A, Togneti R. Water in the stems of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) assessed by computer tomography with concurrent measurements of sap velocity ultrasound emission[J]. Plant, Cell and Environment, 1995, 18, 545～554.
[112] 刘奉觉，Edwards W R N，郑世锴，等．杨树树干液流时空动态研究．林业科学研究，1993，6(4)：368～372．
[113] 巨关升，刘奉觉，郑世锴．选择树木蒸腾耗水测定方法的研究[J]．林业科技通讯，1998(10)：12～14．
[114] Loustau D, Berbigier P, P Roumagnac, et al. Transpiration of a 64-year-old maritime pine stand in Portugal. 1. Seasonal course of water flux through maritime pine [J]. Oecologia, 1996, 107: 33～42.
[115] Barrett D J, Hatton T J, Ash J E, et al. Transpiration by trees from contrasting forest types[J]. Austalian Journal of Botany, 1996, 44: 249～263.
[116] Cienciala E, Lindroth A. Gas-exchange and sap flow measurements of Salix viminalis trees in short-rotation forest. I. Transpiration and sap flow [J]. Trees, 1995, 9: 289～294.
[117] 刘奉觉，郑世揩，巨关升．树木蒸腾耗水测算技术的比较研究[J]．林业科学，1997，33(2)：117～126．
[118] 王安志．森林蒸散测算方法研究进展与展望[J]．应用生态学报，2001，12(6)：933～937．
[119] Denmead O T, DuninF X, S Wong C, et al. Measuring water use efficiency of eucalypt trees with chambers and micrometeorological techniques[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 993, 50: 649～664.
[120] Ehleringer J R, Klassen S, Clayton C, et al. Carbon isotope discrimination and transpiration efficiency in common bean[J]. Crop Science, 1991, 31: 1611～1615.
[121] Marshell J D, Zhang J W. Carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency in native plant of the north-central Rockies [J]. Ecology, 1994, 75(7): 1887～1895.
[122] 林植芳，林桂株，孔国辉，等．生长光强对亚热带自然林两种木本植物稳定碳同位素比、细胞间CO_2浓度和水分利用效率的影响[J]．热带亚热带植物学报，1995，3(2)：77～82．
[123] 蒋高明．树木年轮δ~(13)值及其对我国北方大气CO_2浓度变化的指示意义[J]．植物生态学报，1997，21(2)：155～160．
[124] 严昌荣．北京山区阔叶林优势种水分生理生态研究[D]．中国科学院植物研究所博士学位论文，1997．
[125] 陈世苹．内蒙古锡林河流域主要植物种、功能群和群落水分利用效率的研究[D]．中国科学院植物研究所博士学位论文，2003．
[126] 刘奉觉，郑世锴．用热脉冲速度记录仪(HPVR)测定树干液流[J]．植物生理学通讯，1993，29(2)：110～115．
[127] Kluitenberg G J, Ham J M. Improved theory for calculating sap flow with the heat pulse method [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 126: 169～173.
[128] Granier A. Sap flow measurements in Douglas-fir tree trunks by means of a new thermal method [J]. Annals of Forest Science, 1987a, 44(1): 1～14.
[129] Granier A. Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements [J]. Tree Physiology, 1987b, 3: 309～319.
[130] 王华田，马履一．利用热扩式树干液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸腾耗水量的研究[J]．植物生态学报，2002 26(6)：661～667．
[131] Swanson R H. Significant historical developments in thermal methods for measuring sap flow in trees[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1994, 72: 113～132.
[132] Smith D M,Allen S J.Measurement of sapflow in plant stems[J].Journal of Experimental Botany, 1996,47:1833～1844.
[133] Hall R L,AllenlS J,Rosier P T W,et al.Transpiration from coppiced poplar and willow measured using sap-flow methods[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1998,90:275～290.
[134] Schaeffer S M,Williams D G,Goodrich D C.Transpiration of cottonwood/willow forest estimated from sap flux [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105:257～270.
[135] Grime V L,Sinclair F L.Sources of error in stem heat balance sap-flow measurements[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1999,94:103～121.
[136] 李海涛，陈灵芝．应用热脉冲技术对棘皮桦和五角枫树干液流的研究[J]．北京林业大学学报，1998，20(1)：1～6．
[137] 孙鹏森，马履一．水源保护树种耗水特性研究与应用[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002．
[138] 张小由，龚家栋，周茂先，等．应用热脉冲技术对胡杨和柽柳树干液流的研究[J]．冰川冻土，2003，25(5)：586～589
[139] 严昌荣，韩兴国，陈灵芝，等．温带落叶林叶片δ~(13)C的空间变化和种间变化．植物学报，1998，40(8)：853～859．
[140] 马履一，王华田．油松边材液流时空变化及其影响因子研究[J]．北京林业大学学报，2002，24(3)：23～27．
[141] 王华田，马履一，孙鹏森．油松、侧柏深秋边材木质部液流变化规律的研究[J]．林业科学，2002，38(5)：31～37．
[142] 王华田，赵文飞，马履一．侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子[J]．林业科学，2006，42(7)：21～27．
[143] 虞沐奎，姜志林，鲁小珍，等．火炬树树干液流的研究[J]．南京林业大学学报，2003，27(3)：1～7．
[144] 王瑞辉，马履一，奚如春，等．元宝枫生长旺季树干液流动态及影响因素[J]．生态学杂志，2006，25(3)：231～237．
[145] 张小由，康尔泗，张智慧，等．黑河下游天然胡杨树干液流特征的试验研究[J]．冰川冻土，2005，27(5)：742～746．
[146] 张小由，康尔泗，司建华，等．胡杨蒸腾耗水的单木测定与林分转换研究[J]．林业科学，2006，42(7)：28～32．
[147] 孙慧珍，周晓峰，赵惠勋．白桦树干液流的动态研究[J]．生态学报，2002，22(9)：1387～1391．
[148] 孙慧珍，孙龙，王传宽，等．东北东部山区主要树种树干液流研究[J]．林业科学，2005，41(3)：36～42．
[149] 马玲，赵平，饶兴权，等．马占相思树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系[J]．生态学报，2005，25(9)：2145～2151．
[150] 李海涛，向乐，夏军，等．应用热扩散技术对亚热带红壤区湿地松人工林树干边材液流的研究[J]．林业科学，2006，42(10)：31～38．
[151] 孙鹏森，马李一，马履一．油松、刺槐林潜在耗水量的预测及其与造林密度的关系[J]．北京林业大学学报，2001，23(2)：1～6
[152] 魏天兴，朱金兆．黄土区人工林地水分供需特点及林分生产力研究[J]．土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报，1999，5(4)：45～51．
[153] Hatton T J,Wu H I.Scaling theory to extrapolate individual tree water use to stand water use [J]. Hydrological Processes,1995, 9:527～540.
[154] Martin T A,Brown K J,J Cermak R,et al.Crown conductance and tree and stand transpiration in a second-growth Abies amabilis forest[J].Canadian Journal Forest Research,1997,27(6): 797～808.
[155] Jackson G E,Irvine J,Grace J.Xylem cavitation in scots pine and sitka spruce saplings during water stress [J].Tree Physiology, 1995,15:783～790
[156] 程维新，胡朝炳，张兴权．农田蒸发与作物耗水量研究[M]．北京：气象出版社，1994，42～73．
[157] 刘昌明，愈超群，李庆宝．土壤零童量面及其变化规律[A]．见：水量转换[M]．北京：科学出版社，1988．
[158] 张劲松，孟平，尹君昌．植物蒸散耗水量计算方法综述[J]．世界林业研究，2001，14(2)：25～28．
[159] 翟志习，郭玉海，马永泽，等[M]．植物生态生理学，1997．
[160] Gowing D J G,Jones H G,Davies W J.Xylem transported abscisic acid: the relative importance of its mass and its concentration in the control of stomatal aperture[J].Plant,Cell and Environment, 1993,16:453～459.
[161] Sperry J S,Pockman W T.Limitation of transpiration by hydraulic conductance and xylem cavitation in Betula occidentals[J].Plant,Cell and Environment, 1993,16:279～287.
[162] Meinzer F C,Grantz D A.Coordination of stomatal, hydraulic and canopy boundary layer properties:do stomata balance conductances by measuring transpiration[J]?Plant Physiology, 1991,83:324～329.
[163] Kramer P J,Boyer J S.Water relation of plants and soils [M].Academic Press Inc, 1995.
[164] Powell D B B,Thorpe M R.Dynamic aspects of plant-water relations in environmental effects on crop physiology [M].London:Academic Press,1977:259～279.
[165] Schulze E D.Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in response to drought in the atmosphere and in the soil. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1986,37:247～274.
[166] Farquhar G D.Feed forward responses of stomata to humidity [J].Austalian Journal of Plant Physiology,1978,5:787～800.
[167] Rutter A J.Studies in the water relations of Pinus sylvestris in plantation, evaporation of intercepted water, and evaporation from the soil surface [J].Journal of Ecology, 1966,3:393～405.
[168] Lagergren F,Lindroth A.Transpiration response to soil moisture in pine and spruce trees in Sweden[J]. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2002,112:67～85.
[169] Cochard H,N Breda, Granier A. Whole tree hydraulic conductance and water loss regulation in Quercus during drought:evidence for stomatal control of embolism [J].Annals of Forest Science,1996,53:197～206.
[170] 刘世荣，温远光，王兵，周光益，等．中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M]．北京：中国林出版社，1996．
[171] Meinzer F C,Fownes T H,Harrington R A.Growth indices and stomata(control of transpiration in Acacia koa stands planted at different densities[J].Tree Physiology, 1996,16(7):607～615.
[172] Dunin G M,D J Connor.Analysis of sap flow in mountain ash (Eucalyprus regnans) forests of different age[J].Tree Physiology, 1993,13:321～336.
[173] Becker P.Sap flow in Bornean heath and dipterocarp forest trees during wet and dry periods[J]. Tree Physiology. 1996,16:295～299.
[174] Cermak J,Kucera J.Transpriation of mature stand of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as estimated by tree-trunk heat balance method[J].Forest Hydrology and Watershed Management, 1987,167:311～317.
[175] Kelliher F M,Kostner B M,Hollinger D Y,et al.Transpiration, xylem sap flow,and tree transpiration in a New Zealand broad-leaved forest[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1992.62:53～73.
[176] 于贵瑞，王秋凤，于振量．陆地生态系统水-碳耦合循环与过程管理研究[J]．地球科学进展，2004，19(5)：831～839．
[177] 王沙生，高荣孚．植物生理学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1991，173．
[178] Farquhar G D,Ball M C,S von Caemmerer. Effect of salinity and humidity on δ~(13)C value of halophytes-evidence for diffusional isotope fractionation determined by the ratio of intercellular/atmospheric partial pressure of CO_2 under different environmental conditions[J|.Oecologia, 1982b,58:121～124.
[179] 梁宗锁，康绍忠．植物水分利用率及其提高途径[J]．西北植物学报，1996，16(6)：79～84．
[180] 蒋高明，何维明．毛乌素沙地若干植物光合作用、蒸腾作用和水分利用效率种间及生境间差异[J]．植物学报，1999，41(10)：1114～1124．
[181] 杨建伟，梁宗锁，韩蕊莲．不同土壤水分状况对刺槐的生长及水分利用特征的影响[J]．林业科学，2004a，40(5)：93～98．
[182] 杨建伟，梁宗锁，韩蕊莲，等．不同土壤水分含量对4个树种WUE的影响[J]．西北林学院学报，2004b，19(1)：9～1．
[183] 吕爱霞，杨吉华，夏江宝，等．3种阔叶树气体交换特性及水分利用效率影响因子的研究[J]．水土保持学报，2005，19(3)：188～200．
[184] 孙双峰，黄建辉，林光辉，等．三峡库区岸边共存松栎树种水分利用策略比较[J]．植物生态学报，2006，30(1)57～63．
[185] 卜崇峰，刘国彬，赵姚阳．黄土丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺的光合特征及其水分利用效率[J]．西北植物学报，200424(12)：2189～2195．
[186] 姬兰柱，肖冬梅，王淼．模拟水分胁迫对水曲柳光合速率及水分利用效率的影响[J]．应用生态学报2005，16(3)：408～412．
[187] 严昌荣，韩兴国，陈灵芝，等．六种木本植物水分利用效率和其小生境关系研究[J]．生态学报，2001，21(11)：1952～1956．
[188] 渠春梅，韩兴国，苏波．云南西双版纳片断化热带雨林植物叶片δ ~(13)C值的特点及其对水分利用效率的指示[J]．植物学报，2001，43(2)：186～192．
[189] 朱林，许兴．植物水分利用效率的影响因子研究综述[J]．干旱地区农业研究，005，3(6)：204～209．
[190] 张岁岐，山仑．植物水分利用效率及其研究进展[J]．干旱地区农业研究，2002，20(4)：1～5．
[191] Bhagsari A S,Brown R H.Leaf photosynthesis and its correlation with leaf area[J].Crop Science,1986,26:127～132.
[192] Masle J,Farquhar G D.Effects of soil strength on the relation of water use efficiency and growth to carbon isotope discrimination in wheat seedlings[J].Plant Physiology, 1988, 83:32～38.
[193] Paul J K, John S B. Water relations of plants and soils[M].San Diego: Academy Press, 1995.
[194] Farquhar G D,Ehleringer J R,Hubick K T.Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis[J]. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1989,40:503～537.
[195] Joshua L A,Ann S E.Physiological variation among Populus fremotii populations:short and long-term relationships betweenδ~(13) and water availability[J].Tree Physiology, 001, 1:1149～1155.
[196] 何圆球，王明珠，周瑞荣．泰和县千烟洲土壤详测及土壤资源评价[J]．土壤专报，1984，42：221～234．
[197] 谢淑清，徐继填，张红旗．千烟洲低丘红壤及其合理利用[A]．红壤丘陵生态系统恢复与农业持续发展研究(第1辑)[C]．北京：地震出版社，1993，111～125．
[198] 胡理乐，刘琪璟，廖迎春．小流域治理20年后千烟洲生物量的变化[J]．江西科学，2005，23(1)：34～38．
[199] 《中国森林》编辑委员会编著．中国森林(第二卷)：针叶林[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1998．
[200] 张太平，任海，彭少麟等．湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)的生态生物学特征[J]．生态科学，1999，18(2)：8～12．
[201] 陈启基，茹正忠，潘文，等．我国湿地松栽培区区划和基地布局的研究[J]．广东林业科技，1995，11(4)：1～6．
[202] 徐有明，沈明璋．湿地松纸浆材材性变异的研究[J]．华中农业大学学报，1993，12(2)：147～153．
[203] Byres D P,Johnson J D,Dean T J.Seasonal response of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engel) photosynthesis to long-term exposure to ozone and acidic precipitation[J].New Phytologist,1992,122:91～96.
[204] Teskey R O,Gholz H L,Cropper J W P.Influence of climate and nutrient availability on net photosynthesis of mature slash pine[J].Tree Physiology, 1994,14:1215～1227.
[205] Dorado M,Astini E,Verzino G,et al.Growth cruves for Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda and Pinus radiata in two areas of the Calamuchita Valley[J].Forest Ecology and Management, 997, 5:175～181.
[206] 陈文友，张习耕，陈志．湿地松生长规律与最佳伐期龄研究初报[J]．四川林业科技，1995，16(1)：30～34．
[207] 陈文友，张习耕，陈志．湿地松人工林生长分析[J]．四川林业科技，1997，18：43～47．
[208] 许业洲，全龙．湖北省湿地松人工林整体生长模型的研究[J]．湖北林业科技，2001，3：10～13．
[209] 田大伦，项文化，闫文德．马尾松与湿地松人工林生物量动态及养分循环特征[J]．生态学报，2004c，24(10)：2207～2210．
[210] 吴静．杉木与火炬松、湿地松混交林及其纯林的生物量、生长量测定分析[J]．江苏林业科技，2005，32(3)：33～35．
[211] 陈木伙．湿地松人工林矿质营养循环的研究[J]．福建林业科技，2000，27(4)：35～41．
[212] 岳春雷，高智慧，陈顺伟．湿地松等3种树种的光合特性及其与环境因子的关系[J]．浙江林学院学报，2002，19(3)：247～250．
[213] 龚伟，宫渊波，胡庭兴．湿地松幼树冠层光合作用日变化及其影响因素[J]．浙江林学院学报，2006，23(1)：29～34．
[214] 中国土壤学会农业化学专业委员会．土壤农业化学常规分析方法[M]．北京：科学出版社，1984．
[215] 林金国，黄清峰，林志高．坡相对杉木人工林和湿地松人工林木材密度的影响[J]．四川农业大学学报，1998，16(1)：118～121．
[216] Porte A,Trichet P,Bert D,et al.Allometric relationships for branch and tree woody biomass of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,158:71～83.
[217] 张更新．树干解析中各龄阶高几种推断方法的探讨[J]．内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版)，1996，18(4)：24～31．
[218] 胥辉，文仕军．干热河谷赤桉生物量模型的研究[J]．西南林学院学报．2000，20(4)：191～212．
[219] M(?)kinen H,M(?)kel(?) A.Predicting basal area of Scots pine branches [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,179:351～362.
[220] Granier A.A new method of sap flow measurement in tree stems [J].Annals of Forest Science,1985,42(2):193～200.
[221] Lu P,Biron P,Breda M,et al.Water relations of adult Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) under drought in the Vosges mountains: water potential,stomatal conductance and transpiration [J]. Annals of Forest Science, 1995,52:117～129.
[222] Goldstein G G,Andrade J L,Meinzer F C,et al.Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees[J].Plant,Cell and Environment, 1998,21:397～406.
[223] Lu P, Laurent U,Zhao P.Granier's Thermal Dissipation Probe (TDP) method for measuring sap flow in trees:theory and practice[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2004 46(6):631～646.
[224] Lu P,Muller W,Chacko E K.Spatial variations in xylem sap flux density in the trunk of orchard-grown, mature mango trees under changing soil water conditions[J].Tree Physiology,2000,20:683～692.
[225] Hatton T J,Vertessy R A.Transpiration of plantation pinus radiata estimated by the heat pulse method and the Bowen Ratio[J].Hydrological process, 1990,4:289～298.
[226] Lu P, Chacko E K. Evaluation of Granier's sap flow meter in mango (Mangifera indica L.)trees[J].Agronomie. 1998.18:461～471.
[227] 李淑芳．立地条件与湿地松幼林树高生长关系[J]．福建林学院学报，999，9(3)：276～278．
[228] 林俊平．闽南山地不同立地湿地松生长动态的研究[J]．福建林业科技，1999，26(2)：40～43．
[229] 王克勤，起家聪．元谋干热河谷赤桉林生长规律研究[J]．西南林学院学报，2000，20(2)：67～73．
[230] 吕勇，邓湘文．马尾松生物量的生长规律[J]．林业资源管理，1997(1)：43～46．
[231] 林丽娜．闽南福建柏人工林生长动态的研究[J]．福建林业科技，1999，26(3)：28～32．
[232] 童书振，叶芬，张建国，等．丝栗栲林生长与生产力的研究[J]．林业科学研究，1997，10(6)：612～618．
[233] 张连水，陈南州，罗水发，等．湿地松人工林生长规律研究[J]．林业科技开发，2002，16：32～34．(增刊)
[234] 万涛，张建民，潘开文．10年生连香树人工群落平均个体生长规律研究[J]．四川林业科技，200223(3)：34～38．
[235] 孙中峰，张学培，朱金兆．晋西黄土区坡面刺槐林分生长规律研究[J]．农业系统科学与综合研究，2006，22(1)：46～49．
[236] 黄全能．红锥天然林生长规律与生物量的调查研究[J]．福建林业科技，1998，25(2)：20～23．
[237] 毕永华．兴安落叶松林不同间伐强度林分生长模型的研究[D]．东北林业大学硕士学位论文，2000．
[238] 李轩然，刘琪璟，胡礼乐，等．不同方法计算湿地松林生物量的比较[J]．生态学杂志，2006b，25(12)：1594～1598．
[239] 刘兆刚，刘继明，李凤日，等．樟子松人工林树冠结构的分形分析[J]．植物研究，2005，25(4)：465～470．
[240] 刘兆刚，郭承亮，袁志强，等．落叶松人工林树冠形状的预估[J]．东北林业大学学报，1996，24(6)：14～20．
[241] Oker-Blom P,Kellomaki S.Theoretical computations on the role of crown shape in the absorption of light by forest trees [J].Mathematical Bioscience, 1987,59:291～311.
[242] Sprintz P T,Burkhart H E. Relationships between tree crown,stem,and stand characteristics in unthinned loblolly pine plantations [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research., 1987,17:534～538.
[243] Roeh R L,Maguire D A.Crown profile models based on branch attributes in coastal Douglas-fir [J].Forest Ecology and Management, 1997, 96:77～100.
[244] 马克明，祖元刚．兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征[J]．植物研究，2000，20(2)：235～241．
[245] 胥辉．一种与材积相容的生物量模型[J]．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(5)：32～36．
[246] 张会儒，唐守正，王奉瑜．与材积兼容的生物量模型的建立及其估计方法研究[J]．林业科学研究，1999，12(1)：53～59．
[247] Wykoff W R,Crookston N L,Stage A R. User's guide to the stand prognosis model [M].USD A-FS Gen Tech. Rep,1982,INT-133:112.
[248] Mohren G M J.Simulation of forest growth, applied to Douglas fir stands in the Netherlands[C].Yhesis AUW Wageningen, 1987.
[249] Koop H.Forest Dynamics[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1989.
[250] 巨关升．辽西地区杨树人工林生长规律和树冠结构的研究[D]．中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文，2001．
[251] 朱劲伟，崔启武．林冠的结构和光分布-光的吸收理论的探讨[J]．林业科学，1982，18(3)：258～265．
[252] 刘志刚．华北落叶松人工林林冠结构与光能利用的研究[D]．北京林业大学博士学位论文，1993．
[253] 李凤日．落叶松人工林林分动态模拟系统的研究[D]．北京林业大学博士学位论文，1994．
[254] 肖文发．杉木人工林冠层光合生理生态模拟研究[D]．中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文，1994．
[255] 周元满，谢正生，刘素青，等．短轮伐期桉树林分树冠生长的阶跃函数模型[J]．南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)，2006，30(2)：59～62．
[256] Ishii H,Clement J P,Shaw D C.Branch growth and crown form in old coastal Douglas-fir [J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,131:81～91.
[257] Ishii H,McDowell N.Age-related development of crown structure in coastal Douglas-fir trees [J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2002,169:257～270.
[258] 刘艳艳．樟子松人工林树冠结构的研究[D]．东北林业大学硕士学位论文，2005．
[259] Hashimoto R.Analysis of the morphology and structure of crowns in a young Sugi(Cryptomeriajaponica)stand [J].Tree Physiology, 1990,6:119～134.
[260] Gilmore D W, Seymour R S.Crown architecture of Abies balsamea from four canopy positions [J]. Tree Physiology, 1997,17:71～80.
[261] Cluzeau C,LeGoff N,Ottorini J M.Development of primary branches and crown profile of Fraxinus escelsior [J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1994,24:2315～2323.
[262] Deleuze C,Heive J C,Colin F,et al.Modelling crown shape of Picea abies:spacing effects[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1996,26:1957～1966.
[263] Makinen H,Colin F.Predicting branch angle and branch diameter of Scots pine from usual tree measurements and stand structural information[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1998,28:1686～1696.
[264] Carson M J,Inglis C S.Genotype and location effects on intemode length of Pinus radiata in New Zealand [J].New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 1988,18:267～279.
[265] Grace J C, Carson M J.Prediction of internode length in Pinus radiata stands[J].Newzland Journal of Forest Science, 1993,23:10～26.
[266] 肖锐．樟子松人工林树木构筑型的研究[D]．东北林业大学硕士学位论文，2006．
[267] Inose M.A tree growth model based on crown competition in todomatsu (Abjes sachalinensis) (Ⅰ) The relationship between crown development and volume increment[J].Bulletin of Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,1982,318:103～127.(in Japanese)
[268] Makinen H.Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1999,29:1216～1224.
[269] Bartelink H H.Allometric relationships on biomass and needle area of Douglas-fir Forest[J].Ecology and Management, 1996,86:193～203.
[270] Wollons R C,Haywood A,McNickle D C.Modeling intemode length and branch characteristics for Pinus radiata in New Zealand[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,160:243～261.
[271] 田志诚，于瑞安，刘新田，等．兴安落叶松树冠发生及生长特点的研究[J]．林业科技通讯，1997，2：27～29．
[272] Colin F,Houllier F.Branchiness of Norway spruce in northern France:predicting the main crown characteristics from usual tree measurements [J].Annals of Forest Science,1992,49:511～538.
[273] 贾炜炜．落叶松人工林树冠构筑型及枝生长动态的研究[D]．东北林业大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[274] 李轩然，刘琪璟，陈永瑞，等．千烟洲人工：林主要树种地上生物量的估算[J]．应用生态学报，2006a，17(8)：1382～1388．
[275] Whittaker R H,Marks P L.Methods for assessing terrestrial productivity[A].In:Lieth H, Whittaker R H,eds.Primary Productivity of the Biosphere [C].New York:Springer, 1975:55～118.
[276] Clough B F,Scott K.Allometric relationships for estimating above-ground biomass in six mangrove species[J].Forest Ecology and Management, 1989,27:117～127.
[277] Grier C C,Waring R H.Conifer foliage mass related to sap wood area [J].Forestry Science, 1974,20:205～206.
[278] Shinozaki K,Yoda K, Hozumi K,et al.A quantitative analysis of plant form:The pipe model theory[J].Japanese Journal of Ecology, 1964,14:97～105.
[279] 张献义，刘业邦．湿地松丰产林的立地条件选择[J]．南京林业大学学报，1989，13(1)：39～48．
[280] 陈章和，张德明，郭志华．南亚热带气候下三种树木径向生长季节节律研究[J]．生态学报，1999，19(6)：939～943．
[281] 邹桂霞，刘瑞秋，何俊龙．三北地区杨树速生林材积生长量与气候因子关系分析[J]．防护林科技，2001，4：20～24．
[282] Brander K M.The effect of temperature on growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) [J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science,1995,52:1～10.
[283] Lopez-Serrano F R.,Garcia-Morote A,Andres-Abellan M.Site and weather effects in allometries:A simple approach to climate change effect on pines[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,215:251～270.
[284] 黄荣凤，张国盛，王林和，等．影响毛乌素沙地臭柏年轮宽度变化的主要气候因子分析[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2004，18(6)：164～169．
[285] Rasmussen L,Beier C,Bergstedt A.Experimental manipulations of old pine forest ecosystems to predict the protential tree growth effects of increased CO_2 and temperature in a future climate[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,158:179～188.
[286] Pederson N,Cook E R.,Jacoby G C.,et al.The influence of winter temperatures on the annual radial growth of six northern range margin tree species[J].Dendrochronologia,2004,22:7～29.
[287] Lindner M,Bugmamn H,Lasch P,et al.Regional impact of climatic change on forests in the state of Brandenburg, Germany[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1995,84:123～135.
[288] Matala J,Ojansuu R, Peltola H,et al.Introducing effects of temperature and CO_2 elevation on tree growth into a statistical growth and yield model[J].Ecological Modelling, 2005, 181:173～190.
[289] 唐代生，成子纯，曾思齐．我国湿地松人工林种植范围的立地气候分区研究[J]．中南林学院学报，1998，18(3)：37～43．
[290] 丁晓纲，李吉跃，哈什格日乐．毛乌素沙地气候因子对樟子松、油松生长的影响[J]．2005，20(4)：309～313．
[291] 李意德，吴仲民，曾庆波．尖峰岭热带山地雨林生态系统碳平衡的初步研究[J]．生态学报，1998a，18(4)：371～378．
[292] 王效科，冯宗炜，欧阳志云．中国森林生态系统的植物碳储量和碳密度研究[J]．应用生态学报，2001，12(1)：13～16．
[293] Birdsey R A.Carbon storage and accumulation in United States forest ecosystems[R].United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service,General Technical Report W0-59,1992.
[294] Shvidenko A Z,Mlsson S,Rojikov V A,et al.Carbon budget of the Russian boreal forests:a systems analysis approach to uncertainty [A].In:Apps M J,Price D T.eds.Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle [M]. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1996:145～162.
[295] 李铭红，于明坚，陈启常，等．青冈常绿阔叶林的碳素动态[J]．生态学报，1996，16(6)：645～651．
[296] 吴仲民，李意德，曾庆波，等．尖峰岭热带山地雨林C素库及皆伐影响的初步研究[J]．应用生态学报，1998，9(4)：341～344．
[297] 方晰，田大伦，项文化．速生阶段杉木人工林碳素密度、贮量和分布[J]．林业科学，2002a，38(3)：14～19．
[298] 马钦彦，陈遐林，王娟，等．华北主要森林类型建群种的含碳率分析[J]．北京林业大学学报，2002，24(5-6)：96～100．
[299] 北京林学院主编．土壤学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1982，98～117．
[300] 杨少红，高人，陈光水，等．不同栽杉代数杉木林C库与C吸存[J]．东北林业大学学报，2006，34(4)：42～45．
[301] 焦秀梅．湖南省森林植被碳贮量及地理分布规律[D]．中南林学院硕士学位论文，2005．
[302] 方晰，田大伦，项文化，等．第二代杉木中幼林生态系统碳动态与平衡[J]．中南林学院学报，2002b，22(1)：1～6．
[303] 雷丕锋．杉木人工林土壤碳贮量及形成机理的初步研究[D]．中南林学院硕士学位论文，2004．
[304] 闫平．帽儿山林场4类天然次生林碳贮量研究．[J]．林业资源管理，2006(4)：61～65．
[305] 方运霆，莫江明．鼎湖山马尾松林生态系统碳素分配和贮量的研究[J]．广西植物，2002，22(4)：305～310．
[306] 方晰．杉木人工林生态系统碳贮量与碳平衡的研究[D]．中南林学院博士学位论文，2004．
[307] 李正才．土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响[D]．中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文，2006．
[308] Baties N H.Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the forest of the world[J].European Journal of Soil Science. 1996,47:151～163.
[309] 陈遐林．华北主要森林的碳汇功能研究[D]．北京林业大学博士学位论文，2003．
[310] 王义祥．福建省主要森林类型碳库与杉木林碳吸存[D]．福建农林大学硕士学位论文，2004．
[311] 秦建华，姜志林．森林在大气碳平衡中的作用[J]．世界林业研究，1997，(4)：18～25．
[312] 李江，陈宏伟，冯弦．云南热区几种阔叶人工林C储量的研究[J]．广西植物，2003，23(4)：294～298．
[313] 康冰，刘世荣，张广军，等．广西大青山南亚热带马尾松、杉木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征[J]．生态学报，2006，26(5)：1320～1329．
[314] Chapin F S.Nutrogen and phosphorus nutrition and nutrition cycling by evergreen and deciduous understory shrubs in an Alaskan black spruce forests[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1983,13(5):773～781.
[315] 王凤友．森林凋落量研究综述[J]．生态学进展，1989，6(2)：82～89．
[316] 何宗明，李丽红，王义祥，等．33年生福建柏人工林碳库与碳吸存[J]．山地学报，2003，21(3)：298～303．
[317] 莫江明，方运霆，彭少麟，等．鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林碳素积累和分配特征[J]．生态学报，2003，23(10)：1970～1976．
[318] 方晰，田大伦，项文化，蔡宝玉．不同密度湿地松人工林中碳的积累与分配[J]．．浙江林学院学报，2003，20(4)：374～379．
[319] 王绍强，周成虎，李克让，等．中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析[J]．地理学报，2000，55(5)：533～544．
[320] 秦建华，姜志林．杉木林生物量及其分配的变化规律[J]．生态学杂志，1996，15(1)：1～7．
[321] 李意德，吴仲民，曾庆波，等．尖峰岭热带山地雨林群落生产和二氧化碳同化净增量的初步研究[J]．植物生态学报，1998b，22(2)：127～134．
[322] Dixon R K,Winjum J K,Schroeder P E.Conservation and sequestration of carbon [J].Global Environment Change, 1993,3(2): 159～173.
[323] Lal R. Carbon sequestration in dry lands [J]. Annals of Arid Zone,2000,39(1): 1～10.
[324] Oscar J C,Russell M W, Kenneth G M.Carbon monitoring costs and their effect on incentives to sequester carbon through forestry[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2004(154):273～293.
[325] 李国忠，林俊成，陈丽琴．台湾杉人工林碳吸存潜力及其成本效益分析[J]．台湾林业科学，2000，15(1)：115～123．
[326] Galinski W.Polish forest ecosystems: the influence of changes in the economic system on carbon balance climate[J].Tokoyo Change, 1994,27:103～109.
[327] 朗奎建，李长胜，殷有，等．林业生态工程10种森林生态效益计量理论和方法．林业科学，2000，28(1)：1～7．
[328] 薛达元．生物多样性经济价值评估[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1997：11～36．
[329] 张三焕，赵国柱，田允哲，等．长白山珲春林区森林资源资产生态环境价值的评估研究[J]．2001，27(2)：126～134．
[330] 余新晓，秦永胜，陈丽华，等．北京山地森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究[J]．生态学报，2002，22(5)：783～786．
[331] 蒋菊生，王如松．橡胶林固定CO_2和释放O_2的服务功能及其价值估计[J]．生态学报，2002，22(9)：1545～1551．
[332] 成克武，崔国发，王建中，等．北京喇叭沟门林区森林生物多样性经济价值评价[J]．北京林业大学学报，2000，22(4)：66～71．
[333] 靳芳，张振明，余新晓，等．甘肃祁连山森林生态系统服务功能及价值评估[J]．中国水土保持科学，2005，3(1)：53～57．
[334] 侯元兆，张佩昌，王琦，等．中国森林资源核算研究[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1995．
[335] 马履一，王华田，林平．北京地区几个树种耗水性比较的研究[J]．北京林业大学学报，2003，25(2)：1～7．
[336] 吴丽萍，王学东，尉全恩，等．樟子松树干液流的时空变异性研究[J]．水土保持研究，2003，10(4)：66～68．
[337] Edwards W R N,Becker P.A unified nomenclature for sap flow measurements[J].Tree Physiology, 1996,17:65～67.
[338] Cermak J,Nadezhda Nadezhdina.Sapwood as the scaling parameter-defining according to xylem water content or radial pattern of sap flow [J]?Annals of Forest Science,1998,55:509～521.
[339] Stratton L, Golstein G, Meinzer F C. 2000.Stem and water storage capacity and efficiency of water transport: their functional significance in a Hawaiian dry forest. Plant, Cell and Environment, 23(1):99-106.
[340] Martin T A, Brown K J, Kucera J,et al.2001 .Control of transpiration in a 220-year-old Abies amabilis forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 152:211-224
[341] Myers B J, Theiveyanathan S, O'Brien N D, et al. 1996.Growth and water use Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus radiate plantations irrigated with effluent[J]. Tree Physiology, 19:885-891.
[342] Kostner B,Biron P,Siegwolf R,et al.Estimates of water vapor flux and canopy conductance of Scots pine at the tree level utilizing different xylem sap flow methods[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1996,53:105～113.
[343] 李海涛，向乐，夏军，等．应用热扩散技术对亚热带红壤区湿地松人工林树干边材液流的研究[J]．林业科学，2006，42(10)：31～38．
[344] 马李一，孙鹏森，马履一．油松、刺槐单木与林分水平耗水量的尺度转换[J]．北京林业大学学报，2001，23(4)：1～5．
[345] 沈振西．宁夏南部柠条、沙棘和华北落叶松的液流与蒸腾耗水特性[D]．中国林业科学研究院博士后研究工作报告，2005．
[346] 张宁南，徐大平，Jim Morris，等．雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究[J]．林业科学研究，2003，16(6)：661～66．
[347] 曹云，黄志刚，欧阳志云，等．南方红壤区杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)树干液流动态[J]．生态学报，2006，26(9)：2887～2895．
[348] Hatton T J, Moore S J,Reece P H.Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woos land with the heat pulse method:Measurement errors and sampling strategies[J].Tree physiology, 1995,15:219～227.
[349] Marc V, Robinson M. 2004.Application of the deuterium tracing method for the estimation of tree sap flow and stand transpiration of a beech forest (Fagus silvatica L.) in a mountainous Mediterranean region. Journal of Hydrology, 285: 248-259.
[350] 常学向，赵文智．．黑河中游沙枣树干液流的动态变化及其与林木个体生长的关系[J]．中国沙漠，2004a，24(4)：473～478．
[351] 常学向，赵文智．荒漠绿洲农田防护树种二白杨生长季节树干液流的变化[J]．生态学报，2004b，24(7)：1436～1441．
[352] Cienciala E, Kucera J, Malmer A. Tree sap flow and stand transpiration of two Acacia mangium plantations in Sabah, Borneo[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2000, 236: 109～120.
[353] 刘发民．利用校准的热脉冲方法测定松树树干液流[J]．甘肃农业大学学报，1996，31(2)：167～170．
[354] Cermak J, Kucera J, Nadezhdina N. 2004. Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands. Trees, 18: 529-546
[355] Chang X X, Zhao W Z, Zhang Z H, et al. Sap flow and tree conductance of shelter-belt in arid region of China[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2006, 4(3): 1～10.
[356] 石青，余新晓，李文宇，等．水源涵养林林木耗水称重法试验研究[J]．中国水土保持科学，2004，2(2)：84～87．
[357] Chelcy R F, Carol E G, Robert J M, et al. Diurnal and seasonal variability in the radial distribution of sap flow: predicting total stem flow in Pinus taeda trees[J]. Tree Physiology, 2004, 24: 941～950.
[358] Waker J, Sharpe P J H, Penridge L K, et al. Ecological field theory:the concept and tests[J]. Vegetation, 1989, 83: 81～95.
[359] 熊伟．六盘山北侧主要造林树种耗水特征研究[D]．北京林业大学博士学位论文，2003．
[360] Zhou G Y, Yin G C, Jim MORRIS. Measured Sap Flow and Estimated Evapotranspiration of Tropical Eucalyptus urophylla Plantations in South China [J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 2004, 46(2): 202—210.
[361] 孙龙．东北东部山区主要林型树木边材液流通量研究[D]．东北林业大学博士学位论文，2006．
[362] 赵平，饶兴权，马玲，等．基于树干液流测定值进行尺度扩展的马占相思林段蒸腾和冠层气孔导度[J]．植物生态学报，2006，30(4)：655～665．
[363] Haydon S R, Benyon R G, Lewis R. Variation in sapwood area and throughfall with forest in mountain ash [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 187: 351～366.
[364] Reich P B, Kloeppel B D, Ellsworth D S, et al. Different photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in deciduous hardwood and evergreen coniferous tree species[J]. Oecologia, 1995, 104: 24～30.
[365] Vertessy R A, T J Hatton. Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique [J]. Tree Physiology, 1997, 17: 747～756.[366] Mahmood K, Morris J, Collopy J, et al. Groundwater uptake and sustainability of farm plantations on saline sites in Punjab province, Pakistan[J]. Agricultural water management, 2001, 48: 1～20.