高压交联聚乙烯电力电缆接头绝缘缺陷检测及识别研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
电力电缆线路是城市电网中重要的组成部分,其安全可靠稳定运行对于城市电网具有重要意义。据统计,全国已投入运行的110kV及以上的高压电缆线路已经超过8000公里,最高电压等级已达500kV。
     高压电缆断面是电缆线路的薄弱环节,电缆接头和终端中绝缘屏蔽断口处电应力相对集中容易发生故障。电缆接头采用封闭式绝缘结构且一般在现场完成组装密封,相比本体和户外终端,绝缘安全裕度偏小,另外,电缆接头现场施工质量要求高,如施工工艺不良或密封措施不到位,那么在地下潮湿恶劣运行环境中极易造成绝缘性能劣化,因此电缆接头成为电缆线路最易发生绝缘故障的薄弱点。
     运行经验和研究均表明:电缆局部放电量与其绝缘状况密切相关,局部放电量的变化预示着绝缘一定存在着可能危及电缆安全运行寿命的缺陷,局部放电测量能很好的反映高压电力电缆及其接头的运行状况,及时发现故障隐患,保障电力电缆线路安全可靠运行,具有重大的经济和社会效益。国内、外专家学者、IEC、IEEE以及CIGRE等国际电力权威机构一致推荐局部放电试验是作为交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘状况评价的最佳方法。
     本文在对国内外交联聚乙烯电力电缆及其接头中局部放电信号检测研究的基础上,详细分析了各种检测和模式识别技术,将局部放电在交联聚乙烯电力电缆及接头中的传播衰变特性、局部放电检测技术和特征提取及识别技术作为本论文研究的重点,取得的主要成果有:
     ①通过对介电弛豫理论的研究,深入分析交联聚乙烯电力电缆半导电层的介电特性,获得了可用于工程实际计算的半导电层复介电常数的修正公式。根据Davidson-Cole方程拟合出半导电层的复介电常数,将该常数代入阻抗分布参数加权比的传输线简化模型中进行理论计算,采用FDTD法对电缆及接头局部放电的传播特性开展仿真研究,为交联聚乙烯高压电力电缆接头局部放电检测试验及故障诊断提供理论和技术支持。同时,根据电缆接头常见绝缘故障形成原因构建了四种典型缺陷模型。
     ②设计了符合高压电缆及接头结构特征的局部放电检测传感器。通过建立电路及天线模型,采用传递函数推导、阻抗特性计算、方波响应等方法系统全面的分析了传感器的频响特性和输出特性,对传感器各项电气和物理参数进行了优化。
     ③主要采用电容传感器构成的电力电缆局部放电检测系统在110kV电缆接头试验平台上对研制的四种典型接头缺陷进行检测,获得大量试验数据并构建出电缆接头局部放电q n谱图及其灰度图像。
     ④提出基于提升小波变换的局部放电一维特征量的提取方法。该方法基于Birge-Massart策略对提升小波变换系数矩阵进行降维,通过奇异值分解运算获取故障识别的特征向量,在保留有效特征的情况下,减少识别维数,降低噪声,缩短识别时间。
     ⑤提出基于(2D)2MMC+LDA框架算法的电缆接头局部放电特征提取方法。该方法既基于图像行或列去判别向量,从而实现挖掘图像的局部特征;又基于整幅图像去找判别向量,考虑了全局特征。不仅可以解决维数危机,消除类内散度矩阵的奇异性,而且能最大限度的保持原有样本模式的结构分布,有效减少样本训练时间,提高了模式识别的精度,并且可以实现参数的自动选择。
Power cable line is one vital part of urban power network, and its safety, stabilityand reliability are of great significance in the urban power network. According tostatistics,110kV and above HV cable lines which have been put into operation are morethan8000kilometers in China, with the highest voltage reaching500kV.
     High voltage cable section is a weak point of cable line. The electric stress ofinsulation shielding fracture section in the joint and terminal can lead to a malfunctionbecause of the electric field relative concentration. With an enclosed insulation structure,joint is always assembled on the spot. Compared with the power cable and terminal, theinsulating safety margin of joint is small. In addition, high quality is required on the siteconstruction of joint. Bad construction technology or inadequate sealing measures willlead to insulation deterioration in the formidable underground operational environment.Therefore, the joint turns into the weak point vulnerable to insulation fault in the cableline.
     Operational experience and research indicate that: the quantity of partial dischargein cable and its insulating condition are strongly relevant. The change of the quantity ofpartial discharge indicates insulation defects which may endanger the safe operation,while the partial discharge measurement which can represent the operational conditionof high voltage cable and joint leads to the fact that the hidden fault will be discoveredin time, and significant economic and social benefits be gain because of reliableoperation of cable line. Partial discharge experiment is regarded to be the best methodfor the evaluation of XLPE cable insulating condition by experts, scholars home andabroad, and authoritative organization(such as IEC、IEEE and CIGRE).
     Based on the study home and abroad on partial discharge signal detection in XLPEpower cable and joint, this dissertation analyzes all detection and pattern recognitiontechnology in detail, emphasizes on partial discharge characteristic of transmission inXLPE power cable and joint, partial discharge detection technology and recognitiontechnology. The major achievements are listed as follows:
     ①Based on the analysis of dielectric relaxation theory and dielectric property ofsemiconductive layer, modificative equation for complex dielectric constants ofsemiconductive layer which can be used in the practical calculation is obtained.
     According to Davidson-Cole equation, complex dielectric constants of semiconductive layer are fit and theoretical calculations while the constant substitutedinto simplified transmission line model of impedance distribution parameters weighedratio are carried out. FDTD method is adopted to carry out simulation research onpropagation characteristics of cable and joint in order to provide reference to partialdischarge detective test and failure diagnosis in joint. Four typical defect models areestablished on the basis of common insulation failure in joint.
     ②Sensors conforming to high voltage cable and joint structure are designed.Through the establishment of circuit and antenna model, methods (such as deduction ofthe transfer function, impedance characteristic calculation, and square-wave response)are adopted to analyze frequency response characteristics and output characteristics ofsensor systematically and thoroughly, and each electrical and physical parameters ofsensor are optimized.
     ③Partial discharge detection system composed by capacitive sensors is chosen todetect the four typical defects in110kV cable joint test platform, mass test data areobtained and partial discharge q nspectrogram and its gray image areestablished.
     ④A method of partial discharge one-dimension feature extraction based on liftingwavelet transform is presented. In the method the dimension of lifting wavelettransform coefficients are reduced through Birge-Massart strategy, and then theeigenvector of pattern recognition are got through singular value decomposition. So lotsof gains can be got in the condition of effective feature retention, such as dimension,noise, and recognition time reduction.
     ⑤A partial discharge feature extraction method is presented based on(2D)2MMC+LDA frame algorithm. By this method, not only the partial feature imagemining can be implemented based on the row or columns to discriminate vector, butalso the general feature can be considered based on general image. It overcomes thecrisis of dimension, eliminates singularity of within-class scatter matrix, furthest keepsstructure distribution of original sample pattern, reduces training time of sampleeffectively, improves the accuracy of pattern recognition, and implements automaticselection of parameter.
引文
[1]卓金玉.电力电缆设计原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1999.
    [2]陈小林,成永红,谢小军,崔浩.XLPE绝缘电老化中局放特性试验研究[J].高电压技术,2006,32(4):22-24.
    [3] James J.Xu,Steven Boggs.The chemical nature of water treeing: theories andevidence[J].IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,1994,10(5):29-37.
    [4]齐玉.高压复合绝缘穿墙套管和电缆终端电场仿真及优化设计[D].华北电力大学.2004.
    [5]张栋国.电缆故障分析与测试[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2005.
    [6]王昌长,李福祺等.电力设备的在线监测与故障诊断[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
    [7]吴广宁.电气设备状态监测的理论与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
    [8]吴倩,刘毅刚,李熙谋.高压交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘老化检测技术调研[J].电力设备,2005,6(7):40-45.
    [9]邱昌容,王乃庆.电工设备局部放电及其测试技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1994.
    [10] Bartnikas R.Partial Discharges:Their mechanism,detection and measurement[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2002,9(5):763-807.
    [11] Neuhold S M, Benedickter H R.A300V mercury switch pulse generator with70psecrisetime for investigation of UHF PD signal transmission in GIS[C]. Proceedings of11thISH.London,1999:S12.5.78-S12.5.81.
    [12] Hao Zhang, T R Blackburn et al. Application of signal processing techniques to on-linepartial discharge detection in cables[C].2004International Conference on Power SystemTechnology-Powercon,Singapore,2004:21-24.
    [13] S A Boggs, J M Braun, and G C Stone.Attenuating voltage surges in power cable bymodifying the semiconductive shields[C]. IEEE International Symposium on electricalinsulation,Baltimore,1992:491-494.
    [14] S A Boggs,A Pathak,Walker P.Partial discharge XXII: High frequency attenuation inshielded solid dielectric power cable and implications thereof for PD location[J].IEEEElectrical Insulation Magazine,1996,12(1):9-16.
    [15] C. Xu,L. Zhou,J. Y. Zhou and S. Boggs.High frequency properties of shielded power cablepart1:overview of mechanisms[J].IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,2005,21(6):24-28.
    [16]段乃欣,赵中原,邱毓昌,罗俊华.XLPE电缆中局部放电脉冲传播特性的实验研究[J].高电压技术,2002,38(4):16-18.
    [17] R.Jobav,D. Pommerenke,R.Heinrich,W. Kalkner,A.Gheonjian. Calculation of pulsepropagation in coaxial cables with multi-layered insulation system[C]. DIPED-2000Proceedings,Tbilisi,2000:35-40.
    [18] D Pommerenke, R Jobava, and R Heinrich.Electromagnetic finite difference time domain(FDTD) modeling of partial discharge coupling applied to high voltage cables and cablejoints[C]. IEE International Conference on Dielectric Materials, Measurements andApplications,Edinburgh,2000:497-502.
    [19] D Pommerenke,R Jobava,R Heinrich.Numerical simulation of partial discharge propagationin cable joints using the finite difference time domain method[J].IEEE Electrical InsulationMagazine,2002,18(6):6-11.
    [20] G. Mazzanti, G.C.Montanari and F.Civenni.Model of inception and growth of damagefrom microvoids in polyethylene-based materials for HVDC cables part1: Theoreticalapproach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2007,14(5):1242-1254.
    [21]李长玉.基于超高频法的XLPE电缆附件局部放电检测技术的研究[D].华北电力大学,2005.
    [22]朱海钢,冯江,罗俊华.XLPE电力电缆局部放电高频检测技术的研究[J].高电压技术,2004,30(136):75-76.
    [23]喻明,徐阳,欧燕,李战,曹晓珑,邱昌容.中心分布归类对短电缆局部放电的模式识别[J].西安交通大学学报,1998,32(8):24-27.
    [24] C.Mazzetti, F.M.Frattale Mascioli, F.Baldini, M.Panella, R.Risica, andR. Bartnikas. Partial discharge pattern recognition by neuro-fuzzy networks inheat-shrinkable joints and terminations of XLPE insulated distribution cables[J]. IEEETransactions on power delivery,2006,21(3):1035-1044.
    [25] S.Tokunaga,T.Tsurusaki,Y.Z.Arief,S.Ohtsuka,T.Mizuno and M.Hikita.Partialdischarge characteristics till breakdown for XLPE cable joint with artificialdefect[C].Proceedings of the7th International Conference on Properties and Applications ofDielectrics Materials,Nagoya,2003:1206-1209.
    [26]史济康,曹家,袁检,罗俊华,胡文康.XLPE电力电缆中间接头复合介质沿面放电研究[J].高电压技术,2001,27(4):52-53.
    [27]平井直志,彭惠民译.日本电器绝缘监视诊断法的现状[J].交流技术与电力牵引,2004,(1):4-5,8.
    [28]罗俊华,杨黎明,史济康,朱海钢.电力电缆及试验技术回顾[J].高电压技术,2004,30(136):81-82,98.
    [29]李煜.小议电力电缆在线检测的几种方法[J].高电压技术,2004,30(136):73-74,78.
    [30]陆志雄,郁偌.交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘在线检测技术[J].电工技术杂志,2004,(4):42-45,59.
    [31]陈巧勇,文习山,王一,张云健.交联聚乙烯电缆在线绝缘检测的现状与发展[J].绝缘材料,2003,(4):51-54.
    [32]沈小军.城市轨道交通直流馈出电缆在线监测技术[D].上海交通大学.2007.
    [33]江秀臣,蔡军,董小兵,曾奕.110kV及以上电压等级交联电缆在线监测技术[J].电力自动化设备,2005,25(8):13-17.
    [34]柴旭峥,关根志,贺景亮,王洪新.XLPE电力电缆绝缘在线监测技术的现状与发展[J].电工技术,2002,(6):4-6.
    [35]于景丰.电力电缆实用技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.
    [36] Steven Boggs,John Densley and Jinbo Kuang.Mechanism for impulse conversion of watertrees to electrical trees in XLPE[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,13(2):310-315.
    [37]杨荣凯.XLPE电缆线路局部放电量指标的分析[J].高电压技术,2005,32(2):27-28.
    [38] Working Group21.09. After laying tests on high voltage extruded insulation cablesystem[J].Electra,1977,173:33-41
    [39]罗俊华,马翠姣,邱毓昌.XLPE电力电缆局部放电的在线检测[J].高电压技术,1999,25(4):32-34.
    [40] Steven Boggs, John Densle. Fundamentals of partial discharge in the context of field cabletesting[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,2000,16(5):13-18.
    [41]速水敏幸.电力设备的绝缘诊断[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
    [42]段乃欣,罗俊华,邱毓昌,夏明通.用于XLPE电力电缆局放检测的宽频带电磁耦合法的研究[J].电线电缆,2002,4:24-26.
    [43] Ahmed N H,Srinivas N N. On-line partial discharge detection in cables[J].IEEE Transactionson Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1998,5(2):181-188.
    [44] Y Tian,P L Lewin,A E Davies.Comparison of on-line partial discharge detection methodsfor HV cable joints[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2002,9(4):604-615.
    [45] Y Tian,P L Lewin and A E Davies.Acoustic emission measurement of partial dischargesduring electrical tree growth in XLPE cable insulation[C].2001IEEE7th InternationalConference on Solid Dielectrics,Eindhoven,the Netherlands,2001:447~480.
    [46] Oonishi H,Urano F,Mochizuki T,Soma K,Kotani K,Kamio K.Development of newdiagnostic method for hot-line XLPE cables with water trees[J].IEEE Transactions on PowerDelivery,1987,2(1):1-7.
    [47]韦斌,王伟,李成榕,李信,李华春.VHF钳型传感器在线检测110kVXLPE电缆局放[J].高电压技术,2004,30(7):37-39.
    [48] Y Tian,P L Lewin,A E Davies,S J Sutton,S G Swingler.Partial discharge detection in cableusing VHF capacitive couplers[J]. IEEE transaction on dielectrics and electrical insulation,2003,10(2):343-353.
    [49] Pommerenke D,Strehl T,Heinrich R,Kalkner W,Schmidt F,Weissenberg W.Discriminationbetween internal PD and other pulses using directional coupling sensors on HV cablesystems[J].IEEE transaction on Electrical Insulation,1999,6(6):814-824.
    [50] Pommerenke D, Strehl T,et al. Directional coupler sensor for partial discharge recognitionon HV cables systems[C].ISH1997,Montreal,Canada,1997:439~442.
    [51] G.Katsuta,A.Toya,K.Muraoka,T.Endoh,Y.Sekii,C.Ikeda.Development ofa method partial discharge detection in extra-high voltage cross-linked polyethylene insulatedcable lines[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1992,7(3):1068-1079.
    [52] C Henningsen, K Polster,et al. Experience with an on-line monitoring system for400kVXLPE cables[C]. Record of IEEE T&D Conf,Los Angeles,USA,1996:515-520.
    [53]徐阳,钟力声,曹晓珑,G Chen,Jason Y Tian,A E Davies.XLPE电缆及接头局部放电的超高频测量与分析[J].电工电能新技术,2002,21(1):5-8.
    [54]覃剑,王昌长,邵伟民.特高频在电力设备局部放电在线监测中的应用[J].电网技术,1997,21(6):6.
    [55]王凯,杨娟娟,徐阳,曹玲珑,钟力生.超高频技术检测高压电力电缆及接头中局部放电的研究[J].电线电缆,2002,36(3):35-46.
    [56] J.Li, C.Sun, S.Grzybowski. Partial discharge image recognition influenced by fractalimage compression[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2008,15(2):496-504.
    [57] Junhua Luo, Haigang Zhu, Jiang Feng, Jian Yuan. Analysis of3-d partial dischargepatterns in XLPE power cable based on fractal theory[C].Conference record of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Electrical Insulation,Boston,MA USA,2002:7-10.
    [58] Martin Hoof,Bernd Freisleben,Rainer Patsch.PD Source identification with novel dischargeparameters using counterpropagation neural networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Dielectricsand Electrical Insulation,1997,4(1):17-32.
    [59] Xiaoxing Zhang,Jiangbo Ren,Ju Tang,Caixin Sun.Kernel statistical uncorrelated optimumdiscriminant vectors algorithm for GIS PD recognition[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectricsand Electrical Insulation,2009,16(1):206-213.
    [60] Xiaoxing Zhang,Yao Yao,Ju Tang.Partial discharge pattern recognition based on optimaluncorrelated discriminant vectors in GIS[J].European Transactions on Electrical Power,2009,19(8):1098-1108.
    [61]刘云鹏,律方成,李成榕.局部放电灰度图像数学形态谱的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(5):179-183.
    [62]张晓文,杨煜普,许晓鸣.基于小波变换的特征构造与选择[J].计算机工程与应用,2003,19:25-28.
    [63]胡明友,谢恒堏,蒋雄伟,吴广宁.基于小波变换提取局部放电脉冲特征的影响因素分析[J].西安交通大学学报,1999,33(4):25-30.
    [64]唐炬,高丽,唐铭,张晓星,周倩.以复小波变换系数为特征量的局放模式识别[J].重庆大学学报,2007,30(4):21-24.
    [65]孙才新,李新,李俭.小波与分形理论的互补性及其在局部放电模式识别中的应用研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2001,21(12):73-76.
    [66]成永红,谢小军,蒋雁.基于小波提取的超宽频带局部放电信号分形分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2002,36(6):551-554.
    [67] E.M.Lalitha,L.Satish.Wavelet Analysis for classification of multi-source PDpatterns[J].IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2000,7(l):40-47.
    [68]淡文刚.小波变换应用于大型电力变压器局部放电模式识别的研究[D].电力工业部电力科学研究院,2000
    [69]王志武,丁国清,颜国正,林良明.自适应提升小波变换与图像去噪[J].红外与毫米波学报,2002,21(6):448-450.
    [70]周林成,杨慧中.基于二代小波变换的信号去噪及其软测量建模[J].计算机与应用化学,2008,25(7):823-826.
    [71]马斌,罗玉平.基于二代小波视频编码算法的实现[J].计算机仿真,2007,24(5):186-188.
    [72]闫常友,杨奇逊,刘万顺.基于提升格式的实时数据压缩和重构算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(9):6-10.
    [73]郭迪新,胡沁春.基于自适应提升小波的局部放电信号噪声消除[J].电机与控制学报,2006,10(4):431-434.
    [74]胡沁春,郭迪新,李宏民.自适应提升小波在局部放电信号去噪中的应用[J].自动化仪表,2006,27(1):55-58.
    [75] A Lapp, H G Kranz. The Use of the CIGRE data format for PD diagnosisapplications[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2000,7(1):102-112.
    [76] A Krivda.Automated recognition of partial discharges[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectricsand Electrical Insulation.1995,2(5):796-821.
    [77] M Hikita,K Yamada,A Nakamura,T Mizutani,A Oohasi and M Ieda.Measurements ofpartial discharge by computer and analysis of partial discharge distribution by the monte carlomethod[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.1990,25(3):453-468.
    [78] B Fruth,L Niemeyer.The importance of statistical characteristics of partial dischargedata[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1992,27(1):60-69.
    [79] E Gulski.Discharge pattern recognition in high voltage equipment [J]. IEE Proceedings OnScience,Measurements and Technology.1995,142(1):51-61.
    [80] S D Neilsen,J P Reynders.The use of computer-aided partial discharge pulse height analysisfor diagnostics in gas insulated sub-stations (GIS)[C].8th International Symposium on HighVoltage Engineering,Ylkohama,Japan,1993:149-152.
    [81] H Ichikawa,F Komori,M Hikita,Y Suzoki,T Mizutani and K Uchida.Partial dischargepatterns and degradation diagnosis of insulating polymers[C].8th International Symposium onHigh Voltage Engineering,Ylkohama,Japan,1993:5-8.
    [82] E Gulski,P Seitz.Computer-aided registration and analysis of partial discharges in highvoltage equipment [C].8th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,Ylkohama,Japan,1993:13-16.
    [83] G.C.Stone,T.E.Goodeve,H.G.Sedding and W.McDermid.Unusual PD pulse phasedistributions in operating rotation machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics andElectrical Insulation,1995,2(4):567-577.
    [84] Edward Gulski.Digital analysis of partial discharges [J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectricsand Electrical Insulation.1995,2(4):822-837.
    [85] J.P.Zondervan,E.Gulski,J.J.Smit.Fundamental aspects of PD patterns of on-linemeasurements on turbogenerators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and ElectricalInsulation.2000,7(1):59-70.
    [86] E.M.Lalitha and L.Satish.Wavelet analysis for classification of multi-source PD patterns”[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.2000,7(1):40-47.
    [87] Marek Florkowski.Wavelet denoising of partial discharge images[C].Proceedings of the6thInternational Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials,Xi’an,China,2000:459-462.
    [88]李剑.PD灰度图像识别特征提取与分形压缩方法的研究[D].重庆大学,2004.
    [89]廖瑞金,犹等亮,周湶,刘玲.交联聚乙烯局部放电灰度图像的模式识别[J].高压电器,2007,43(2):85-91.
    [90]刘秀兰,刘念.基于灰度图像分形特征的局部放电模式识别[J].变压器,2009,46(1):26-29.
    [91]杨淑莹.模式识别与智能计算-Matlab技术实现[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2008.
    [92]候媛彬,杜京义,汪梅.神经网络[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2007.
    [93]杨孝华,廖瑞金,胡建林,白仕雄.基于BP人工神经网络的XLPE电力电缆局部放电的模式识别[J].高压电器,2003,39(4):35-37.
    [94]孟延辉,唐炬,周倩,李剑,谢颜斌.基于Δu模式和RBF网络的局部放电模式识别[J].重庆大学学报,2006,29(11):41-44.
    [95] Vapnik V.The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,1995.
    [96] L. Hao, P. L. Lewin, et al. Partial discharge identification using a support vectormachine[C]. Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2005:414-417.
    [97] Stone G C, Boggs S A. Propagation of partial discharge pulses in shield powercable[C].Annual Report of the Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric PhenomenaNational Academy of Sciences,Washington,DC,1982:275-280.
    [98] Kane Yee.Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell'sequations in isotropic media [J].IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation,1966,14(3):302-307.
    [99] B.Schneider,C.L.Wagner,O.M.Ramahi.Implementation of transparent sources inFDTD simulations [J].IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation,1998,46(8):1159-1167.
    [100]刘君华,王江,钱勇,段大鹏,黄成军,曾奕.GIS中电磁波传播特性的仿真研究[J].高电压技术,2007,33(8):139-142.
    [101]刘君华,姚明,黄成军,段大鹏,钱勇,江秀臣.GIS中局部放电电磁波的模式特性[J].高电压技术,2009,35(7):1654-1660.
    [102]张磊,林群,丁登伟,高文胜.GIS中局部放电特高频信号传播特性的仿真分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(3):726-731.
    [103]李信,李成榕,李亚莎,王伟,李海亮.有限时域差分法对GIS局部放电传播的分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(17):150-155.
    [104]常文治,唐志国,李成榕,王彩雄.变压器局部放电UHF信号传播特性的仿真分析[J].高电压技术,2009,35(7):1629-1634.
    [105]刘君华,徐敏骅,黄成军,郭灿新,姚林朋,江秀臣.局部放电电磁波在GIS中的衰减特性[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(8):52-58.
    [106] A.B.A.Ghani, H.Shafi and C.K.Chakrabarty. Simulated electromagnetic field profileinside and outside XLPE power cable due to partial discharge[C].2007InternationalConference on Solid Dielectrics,Winchester,UK,2007:71-74.
    [107] R.Heinrich,S.Boenisch,D.Pommerenke,R.Jobaba,W.Kalkner.Broadband measurementof the conductivity and the permittivity of semiconductive materials in high voltage XLPEcables[C]. International Conference on Dielectric Materials, Measurements andApplications,Edinburgh,2000:17-21.
    [108] R.Jobava,R.Heinrich,D.Pommerenke,W.Kalkner,A.Gheonjian. Efficient FDTDsimulation of fields in coaxial cables with multi-layered insulation partially formed bydispersive layers of extremely high permittivity [C].DIPED-2002Proceedings,Georgia,2002:91-94.
    [109] Zhifang Du,Willett P K,Mashikian M S.Performance limits of PD location based ontime-domain reflectometry [J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1997,4(2):182-188.
    [110] W.L.Weeks,Y.M.Diao.Wave propagation characteristic in underground power cable[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System,1984,103(10):2816-2824.
    [111]唐炬,邓志勇,龚宁涛,张晓星,魏钢.检测电缆附件局部放电内置传感器的特性分析[J].重庆大学学报,2008,31(7):760-765.
    [112]吕英华.计算电磁学的数值方法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
    [113] Berenger J P. A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagneticwaves[J].Journal of Computational Physics,1994,114(2):185-200.
    [114] M.D.Judd.Using finite difference time domain techniques to model electrical dischargephenomena[C].Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2000:518-522.
    [115]葛德彪,闫玉波.电磁波时域有限差分方法[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003.
    [116]陈安华,钟掘.关于机械系统突发性故障的若干思考[J].华中理工大学学报,1998,29(1):98-103.
    [117]邵爱军,彭建萍,刘唐生.矿坑底板突水的突变模型研究[J].岩土工程学报,2001,23(1):38-41.
    [118] Boggs S A,Pathak A,Walker P.Partial Discharge XXII:High frequency attenuation inshielded solid dielectric power cable and implications thereof for PD location [J].IEEEElectrical Insulation Magazine,1996,12(1):9-16.
    [119] Stone G C, Boggs S A. Propagation of partial discharge pulses in shield powercable[C].Annual Report of the Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric PhenomenaNational Academy of Sciences,Washington,DC,1982:275-280.
    [120] Pommerenke D,Strehl T,Henrich R,Kalkner W,Schmidt F,Weissenberg W.Discriminationbetween internal PD and other pulses using directional coupling sensors on HV cablesystems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1999,6(6):814-824.
    [121] Ahmed N H,Srinivas N N.On-line partial discharge detection in cables [J].IEEE Transactionson Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1998,5(2):181-188.
    [122] D.Pommerenke, R.Jobava,R. Heinrich.Electromagnetic finite difference time domainmodeling of partial discharge coupling applied to high voltage cables and cable joints [C].InProceeds8th IEE International Conference Dielectric Materials, Measurements andApplications,Edinburgh,U.K.,2000:497-502.
    [123]孙才新,许高峰,唐炬,侍海军,朱伟.检测GIS局部放电的内置传感器模型及性能研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(8):89-94.
    [124]唐炬,侍海军,许高峰,孙才新,朱伟.GIS局部放电两种内置传感器响应特性分析[J].高电压技术,2003,29(2):29-31.
    [125]单秋山.天线[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1989.
    [126] P.Wang,P.L.Lewin,S.J.Sutton.Calibration of capacitive couplers for online PD detectionin HV cables [J].IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,2005,21(3):28-39.
    [127]邓志勇.电缆附件局放超高频检测及内置传感器的研究[D].重庆大学,2008.
    [128]罗俊华,冯江,袁检,马翠姣,邱毓昌.交联聚乙烯电缆局部放电高频检测技术的研究[J].电网技术,2001,25(12):42-45.
    [129]孙才新,许高峰,唐炬,陆宠惠,侍海军.以盒维数和信息维数为识别特征量的GIS局部放电模式识别方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,24(2):100-104.
    [130] Hans-Gerd Kranz.PD Pulse sequence analysis and its relevance for on-site PD defectidentification and evaluation[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2005,12(2):276-284.
    [131]杨孝华,廖瑞金,胡建林,白仕雄.基于BP人工神经网络的XLPE电力电缆局部放电的模式识别[J].高压电器,2003,39(4):35-37.
    [132] Zujun Hou. Adaptive singular value decomposition in wavelet domain for imagedenosing[J].Pattern Recognition,2003,36(8):1747-1763.
    [133]刘建国,李志舜,刘东.基于平稳小波变换及奇异值分解的湖底回波分类[J].声学学报,2006,31(2):167-171.
    [134] Konsstantinides K,Yao K.Statistical analysis of effective singular values in matrix rankdetermination[J].IEEE Transactions on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,1988,36(5):757-763.
    [135]梁霖,徐光华,刘弹,栗茂林.小波—奇异值分解在异步电机转子故障特征提取中的应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(19):111-115.
    [136] Luo Zhizeng,Gao Jian.Using singular eigenvalues of wavelet coefficient as the input of SVMto recognize motion patterns of the hand[J].International Conference on Neural Networks andBrain,Beijing,China,2005:1477-1481.
    [137]李成.基于提升小波的数据处理及过程监测研究[D].浙江大学,2005.
    [138]田养军,薛春纪,马智民,曹建农.曲波变换的高光谱遥感图像融合方法在土地利用调查中的应用[J].遥感学报,2009,13(2):313-319.
    [139]曾剑芬,争鸣.提升格式:多项式拟合的预测方法[J].电路与系统学报,2001,6(3):62-67.
    [140] Sweldens W.The lifting scheme:A custom-design construction of biorthogonal wavelets[J].Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis,1996,3(2):186-200.
    [141] Ingrid Daubechies,Wim Sweldens.Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps[J].Journalof Fourier Analysis and Applications,1998,4(3):247-269.
    [142]何秋雨,全玉生,马彦伟,郑彬,杨龙海.二进小波结合伯格·马萨特策略抗局放干扰[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(4):88-92.
    [143]全玉生,马彦伟,李学鹏,杨俊伟,,郑彬.电力变压器局放信号检测的阈值法除噪技术[J].现代电力,2005,22(3):24-28.
    [144] Parinya Sanguansat.2DPCA feature selection using mutual information[C].2008InternationalConference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,2008:578-581.
    [145] Yang Jian,Zhang David,Yang Jing-Yu.Two-dimensional PCA:a new approach to appearancebased face representation and recognition [J].Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2004,26(1):131-137.
    [146] Yang Jian,Zhang David,Yong Xu,Yang Jing-Yu.Two-dimensional discriminant transformfor face recognition[J].Pattern Recognition.2005,38(7):1125-1129.
    [147] Li Ming,Yuan Baozong.2D-LDA:A statistical linear discriminant analysis for imagematrix[J].Pattern Recognition Letters,2005,26(5):527-532.
    [148] Jian Yang,Jing-Yu Yang.From image vector to matrix:a straight forward image projectiontechnique-IMPCA vs.PCA[J],Pattern Recognition,2001,35:1997-1999.
    [149]吴小俊.图像特征抽取与识别理论及其在人脸识别中的应用[D].南京理工大学,2002.
    [150] Li Haifeng,Jiang Tao,Zhang Keshu.Efficient and robust feature extraction by maximummargin criterion[J].IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,2006,17(1):157-165.
    [151] Wen-Hui Yang,Dao-Qing Dai.Two-Dimensional maximum margin feature extraction for facerecognition[J].IEEE Transactions on systems,man,and cybernetics,part B:cybernetics,2008:1-11.
    [152]王超.特征提取技术在人脸识别中的研究和应用[D],江南大学,2009.
    [153]边肇祺,张学工.模式识别(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.