摘要
近年来，循环流化床(CFB)锅炉以其与煤粉锅炉相当的燃烧效率、低廉的脱硫成本、极低的氮氧化物排放水平以及广泛的燃料适应性而得到迅猛发展，并正向超临界参数迈进。超临界参数可以进一步提高现有循环流化床锅炉的发电效率，使低成本燃煤污染物控制与高效发电结合，促进循环流化床燃烧技术在发电领域中发挥更重要的作用。
由于现阶段在国际范围内尚无超临界CFB锅炉的大量成熟经验可循，因此只能依靠自主研发，这就需要对现有大型CFB锅炉的关键参数或运行特性如物料平衡和热平衡等进行深入研究，从而为超临界CFB锅炉的设计优化运行提供借鉴和参考。
本文受国家“十一五”科技支撑计划支持，主要以白马电厂引进300MW CFB锅炉为研究对象，通过数学建模、冷态试验和实炉试验等方法对大型CFB锅炉的物料平衡和热平衡特性进行研究，主要研究内容及创新点包括：
①大型CFB锅炉物料平衡整体数学模型：
在前人研究成果基础上，通过对个别子模型经验表达式进行调整，重构了物料平衡数学模型，模型采用Fortran编程计算，通过实炉试验对模型结果进行验证校核，并结合计算结果分析了现有大型CFB锅炉的物料平衡特性和今后超临界CFB锅炉在物料平衡方面可能面临的一些问题，并提出相应建议。
②分离器入口烟道内颗粒流动特性研究：
引进300MW CFB锅炉的分离器入口烟道采用独特结构，可能会改变其内部颗粒的流动特性从而影响分离器性能以调整炉内物料平衡。为此，通过冷态试验，应用高速摄像技术，研究了新结构和传统结构的分离器入口烟道内颗粒的气固流动特性及其对分离器性能的影响。
③物料平衡特性对一、二次风机选型参数影响：
循环流化床锅炉炉内存有大量物料，使一、二次风因拖曳物料所克服的阻力较大，对一、二次风的管网特性有着明显影响。首次从锅炉循环系统的物料平衡和压力平衡角度，对现有大型CFB锅炉一、二次风机的选型进行分析，并提出建议。
④引进300MW CFB锅炉热平衡试验研究：
按我国DL/T964—2005标准，采用VB软件编程，计算分析了引进300MWCFB锅炉的热效率和各项热损失。通过实炉试验，计算了不同技术流派锅炉的散热损失，并给出了简易计算方法。该方法在较为客观地反映实际情况同时，大幅节省了试验工作量，可作为现有标准的补充，用于类似锅炉的性能试验计算中。
⑤引进300MW CFB锅炉外循环回路燃烧特性实炉试验研究：
在该锅炉现场加装测点，并利用自制的取样装置对锅炉外循环回路的烟气成分和颗粒进行取样分析，首次研究了300MW级CFB锅炉外循环回路中旋风分离器和外置式换热器的燃烧特性。试验结果可为今后更大容量CFB锅炉的设计优化运行提供参考。
For the past few years, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion technology,which is unique in its combustion efficiency comparing with the pulverized-coal boiler,realization of direct desulphurization in combustion process, low emissions of nitrogenoxides and its wide fuel flexibility, has obtained a great achievement in its developmentwhich is moving in the direction of boilers with supercritical parameter as well. CFBtechnology with supercritical parameter can further increase the power generationefficiency of the existing CFB technology and combine low cost of pollution control incoal combustion with high power electricity generation, as well as promote theapplication of CFB in the power generation industry.
Until now, there are not enough mature experiences of supercritical CFBtechnologies among the world, therefore the independent research and developmentbecomes an inevitable choice. As a result, it is necessary to study the key parameters indepth, such as the particle population balance and the heat balance of the existing largescale CFB boilers, so as to provide reference on boiler design or optimization operationfor supercritical CFB boilers.
By sponsor of the Key Project in the National Science&Technology PillarProgram during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Projects, in this paper, both laboratory andfield experimental study and numerical simulation research work about the particlepopulation balance and heat balance characteristics mainly on Baima’s300MW CFBboiler were carried out. The main research content and innovation points of this paperinclude:
①Overall modeling of particle population balance on large-scale CFB boiler
Based on previous studies and by adjusting several expressions according to thefield test results, an overall particle population balance model was reconstructed usingFORTRAN programming along with field test as verification. Combined with thecalculation results, analysis of the potential problems about material balancecharacteristics on both the existing large CFB boilers and supercritical CFB boilers aregiven attempts to provide some suggestions.
②Cold tests on gas solid flow characteristics in two cyclone inlet ducts:
The imported300MW CFB boiler applied a unique cyclone duct that made abreakthrough compared with the previous designs of its inlet duct of cyclone. The new design adopts a long inlet duct to help particles obtain enough high acceleration andpre-separation, which improves separation efficiency greatly and reduces carbon contentof fly ash in flue gas and therefore may influence the particle population balance. In thiscase cold test including the pressure drop and the acceleration performance of particlephases in the two inlet ducts were implemented.
③Influence on primary and secondary air fan selection principle of particle populationbalance:
Due to the huge amount of bed materials in the furnace, the residence of primaryand secondary air would be greatly different from those on a pulverized-coal boiler.The pipeline characteristics of both the primary and secondary air and the selectionprinciples of the primary and secondary air fans were studied for the first time in thelight of analyzing the particle population balance, together with several operating datafrom commercial CFB boilers.
④Experimental study on heat balance of the imported300MW CFB boiler:
According to DL/T964—2005test code, the performance of imported300MWCFB boiler was studied by VB programming. Experimental studies of dissipation heatloss were conducted on two types of300MW CFB boilers for the first time. In order toreduce the large amount of measurements, a simplified method with objective result wasintroduced and could be seen as the complement of the existing standards for similarboiler performance test calculation.
⑤Combustion characteristics of the external circulation loop on Baima's300MWcirculating fluidized bed boiler:
Local measurements of gas concentrations and particles were sampled from theimported300MW CFB boiler’s external circulation loop using custom-made probes tostudy the combustion characteristics of hot cyclones and fluidized bed heat exchangersfor the first time. The experimental results may provide information for adjusting anddesigning the heat-surface arrangement and lay a foundation for modeling the flowstructure, combustion and heat transfer in similar large-scale CFB boilers.
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