摘要
开发及回收低温热能资源，不仅能够为人类提供宝贵的能源，且有利于保护环境，具有促进人类社会可持续发展的重要意义。有机朗肯循环(Organic RankineCycle，ORC)技术在低温热能转换利用领域具有显著优势，辐流式汽轮机(Radialflow turbine)是低温热能资源驱动ORC系统的适宜膨胀部件。本文围绕低温发电ORC系统性能的优化，开展了ORC工质和循环参数的优化研究、辐流式汽轮机性能研究，旨在为低温发电ORC系统的优化设计和变工况条件下的优化调节提供参考依据。
基于90oC的热水型低温热能和30oC的冷凝温度，以比净功（单位热源水质量流量对应的净输出功率P n et/m water,H）为目标函数，采用基于指定窄点温差值的循环性能分析方法，对亚临界ORC、近临界ORC（蒸发压力或超临界加热压力接近临界压力）、跨临界ORC开展了工质和循环参数优化研究。考察工质范围涉及33种有机工质。注意到近临界ORC蒸发器中传热窄点位置前移到工质泡点之前，以计算热源水放热过程温度曲线和工质吸热过程曲线的方式，确定窄点位置。结果表明：(1)循环参数对系统性能有重要影响，存在最优循环参数使得各个特定循环特定工质系统的比净功最大；(2)工质的性质对系统性能有重要影响，存在最优工质使得特定循环系统的比净功最大；(3)循环选择对低温发电系统的性能有重要影响，亚临界ORC系统给出的比净功最小（最优工质为HFC32、其在最优循环参数下的最大比净功为8.83kJ/kg），跨临界ORC系统给出比净功最大（最优工质为HFC41、其在最优循环参数下的最大比净功为9.98kJ/kg），近临界ORC系统的比净功介于亚临界ORC系统与跨临界ORC系统之间。
近临界ORC系统一方面具有比净功优于亚临界ORC系统，而压力水平低于跨临界ORC系统、吸热过程中工质的换热性能优于跨临界ORC系统的优点，另一方面由于工质物性在近临界区域剧烈变化，可能会影响系统的工作稳定性，对近临界ORC系统进行了工作稳定性分析研究。考虑到近临界ORC的优缺点，开展了近临界ORC性能及稳定性研究。首先，对于既可用于亚临界ORC、亦可用于跨临界ORC的3种有机工质HFC125、HFC143a、FC218，考察了其从亚临界ORC向跨临界ORC过渡过程中循环性能的变化特性。结果表明，比净功、工质质量流量和循环热效率均连续过渡，但最大比净功对应的循环参数可能位于近临界ORC的亚临界工况、也可能位于近临界ORC的跨临界工况，因工质而异。HFC125、FC218的最大比净功均出现在跨临界工况，分别为9.76kJ/kg、9.20kJ/kg；HFC143a最大比净功出现在亚临界工况，为8.96kJ/kg。其次，基于蒸发器或超临界加热器换热面积，探讨了近临界ORC系统循环工作稳定性。结果表明，随着蒸发压力或超临界加热压力逼近临界压力，蒸发器或超临界加热器的换热面积对工况的敏感度越来越大。因此，为保证循环系统工作稳定性，不建议采用近临界ORC系统。
为低温发电系统优化热力设计辐流式汽轮机，依据一元流动理论及工质膨胀规律，开展了辐流式汽轮机变工况性能及相关调节方法的研究。结果表明，对于辐流式汽轮机出口背压的变化，可采用调节汽轮机转速和更换适当喷嘴等调节方法进行调节；对于辐流式汽轮机工质质量流量的变化，采用部分进气调节法和变化喷嘴角度调节法可以获得较好的调节效果；对于辐流式汽轮机进口压力的变化，可采用调节汽轮机转速和更换适当喷嘴调节方法进行调节。
针对课题组现有辐流式汽轮机喷嘴设计缺陷，以辐流式汽轮机变工况调节为方向，为辐流式汽轮机自制可调换喷嘴。以HFC245fa和HCFC123为工质，研究渐缩喷嘴汽轮机和缩放喷嘴汽轮机性能随汽轮机进口压力和汽轮机转速的变化特性。结果表明：(1)汽轮机等熵效率随转速存在极大值（如工质为HFC245fa，汽轮机进口压力为0.3MPa，汽轮机进口温度为85oC，汽轮机出口压力为0.165MPa时，最优转速约为5000rpm）；(2)渐缩喷嘴汽轮机在低汽轮机进口压力的工况中具有优势，而缩放喷嘴汽轮机在高汽轮机进口压力下具有优势；(3)HCFC123的汽轮机等熵效率高于HFC245fa的汽轮机等熵效率。在课题组现有低温发电ORC实验系统基础上，搭建辐流式汽轮机发电系统部分。基于90oC的热水型低温热能和30oC的冷凝温度，分别以HFC245fa和HCFC123为工质，以比电功（单位热源水质量流量对应的发电功率，P g e/m water,H）最大优化循环蒸发温度。结果表明，渐缩喷嘴汽轮机采用HFC245fa时，蒸发温度为69.16oC时比电功最大值为1.278kJ/kg。基于90oC的热水型低温热能和75oC的蒸发温度，分别以HFC245fa和HCFC123为工质，以比电功最大优化循环冷凝温度。结果表明，缩放喷嘴汽轮机采用HFC245fa时，冷凝温度为29.07oC时比电功最大值为0.893kJ/kg。HFC245fa的循环性能优于HCFC123的循环性能。基于实验数据，开展了负载电阻对汽轮机转速控制规律和发电机效率变化规律的研究。结果表明，汽轮机转速随负载电阻的增大而增大；传动-发电效率随转速存在极大值；转速一定时发电机效率随负载电阻的增大而减小。
Exploiting and recovering low grade energy can supply precious energy tohuman and be propitious to protecting environment. In a word, it is significant tosustainable development of human society. Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technologyis advantaged in conversion and usage of low grade energy. Radial flow turbine isfeasible in ORC system with low grade energy. In order to give reference onoptimization design of ORC power generation system with low grade energy andoptimization regulation in varies conditions, this dissertation investigated onoptimization of ORC working fluids and cycle parameters and performance analysison radial flow turbine with paying attention to performance optimization of ORCsystem.
Based on90°C low grade energy source with type of hot water, with condensingtemperature of30°C, with specific net power (net power with unit mass flow rate ofhot water,P n et/m water,H) as objective function, using cycle performance analysismethod with specified pinch point temperature difference, optimization of workingfluids and cycle parameters for subcritical ORC, near-critical ORC (with evaporatingpressure or supercritical heating pressure being closed to critical pressure) andtranscritical ORC was executed.33organic fluids were considered. With attention tothat pinch point position in evaporator shifts to the front of bubble point fornear-critical ORC, pinch point position was specified by calculating the twotemperature curves of hot water and working fluid. The results showed that:(1) cycleparameters were of importance to cycle performance and there were optimal cycleparameters for maximum specific net power for each specified cycle and workingfluid;(2) fluid property was of importance to cycle performance and there wasoptimal working fluid for maximum specific net power for specified cycle;(3)selection of cycle was of importance to cycle performance, subcritical ORC gave theleast specific net power (the optimal fluid is HFC32with the maximum value of8.83kJ/kg), transcritical ORC gave the largest specific net power (the optimal fluid isHFC41with the maximum value of9.98kJ/kg) and near-critical ORC gave mediumcycle performance between subcritical ORC and transcritical ORC.
Near-critical ORC gave larger specific net power than subcritical ORC and hadlower cycle pressure than transcritical ORC, on the other side fluid property variedstrongly in near-critical region, which may influence the system stability. Withattention to the advantage and disadvantage, performance and stability of near-criticalORC were investigated on. Firstly, for HFC125, HFC143a and FC218which could beused in both subcritical and transcritical ORC, the transition process from subcriticalORC to transcritical ORC was studied on. The results showed that: specific net power,mass flow rate of working fluid and thermal efficiency varies continually fromsubcritical ORC and transcritical ORC; the maximum specific net power appeared insubcritical condition or in transcritical condition, which is specified by fluid (HFC125and FC218gave the maximum values of9.76kJ/kg and9.20kJ/kg in transcriticalcondition while HFC143a gave the maximum value of8.96kJ/kg in subcriticalcondition). Secondly, based on area of evaporator or supercritical heater, stability ofnear-critical ORC system was studied on. The results showed that sensitivity ofevaporator (or supercritical heater) area increased with evaporating (or supercriticalheating) pressure approaching to critical pressure. Therefore, in order to keep systemstable, near-critical ORC was not suggested in system.
A radial flow turbine was optimally thermal designed for generation system withlow grade energy. Based on specified geometry dimension of the optimal radial flowturbine, according to one dimension flow theory and fluid expansion law,performance of radial flow turbine in variable conditions and regulation methods forvariable conditions were studied on. The results showed that: variable rotational speedmethod and changeable nozzle method could be used to regulate radial flow turbinewhen back pressure varied; patial admission method and variable nozzle angle couldbe used to regulate radial flow turbine when mass flow rate varied; variable rotationalspeed method and changeable nozzle method could be used to regulate radial flowturbine when inlet pressure varied.
Considering the design defect of the radial flow turbine in our research group,several new nozzles were designed and produced with the aim of regulatingconditions of turbine. HFC245fa and HCFC123were selected as working fluid tostudy performance of tapered nozzle turbine and Laval nozzle turbine. The resultsshowed that:(1) there was maximum isentropic efficiency of radial flow turbine,(forexample, with HFC245fa as working fluid, turbine inlet pressure of0.3MPa, turbineinlet temperature of85°C, turbine outlet pressure of0.165MPa, the optimal rotational speed was about5000rpm);(2) tapered nozzle turbine was advantaged with lowturbine inlet pressure while Laval nozzle turbine was advantaged with high turbineinlet pressure; HCFC123gave higher turbine isentropic efficiency than HFC245fa.Based on existing ORC power generation system with low grade energy, powergeneration part based on radial flow turbine was established to study systemperformance. Based on90°C low grade energy, with condensing temperature of30°C,with specific electric power (electric power with unit mass flow rate of hot water,P g e/m water,H) as objective function, optimization of evaporating temperature wasexecuted. The results showed that with tapered nozzle turbine and HFC245fa, optimalevaporating temperature was69.16°C with specific electric power of1.278kJ/kg.Based on90°C low grade energy, with evaporating temperature of75°C, with specificelectric power as objective function, optimization of condensing temperature wasexecuted. The results showed that with Laval nozzle turbine and HFC245fa, optimalcondensing temperature was29.07°C with specific electric power of0.893kJ/kg.HFC245fa gave better cycle performance than HCFC123. Based on analysis ofexperimental data, variation of turbine rotational speed and generator efficiency withload resistance was studied on. The results showed that: turbine rotational speedincreased with load resistance; there was maximum comprehensive efficiency oftransmission and generation with generator rotational speed; generator efficiencydecreased with the increase of load resistance.
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