摘要
故意杀人罪在中外刑法研究中历来受到重视,对于该罪的犯罪构成的研究也已经较为成熟,综观现今各国对于杀人罪的规定,主要有谋杀、故意杀人、杀害尊亲属、杀婴、受托杀人、教唆或协助自杀、过失致人死亡等,在美国模范刑法典中则包含其中的谋杀、故意杀人、教唆或协助自杀、过失致死。1997年《中华人民共和国刑法》修改时,保留了故意杀人罪这一罪名,而没有增设杀婴罪,同时将原来的过失杀人罪改为过失致人死亡罪,但是整体规定还是略显单薄,存在有罪名的规定单一,刑罚幅度跨越过大以致法官的自由裁量权过宽等弊端。本文意图通过对于英美法系杀人罪的法律规定与我国法律关于故意杀人罪法律规定若干方面进行比较研究,以此为切入点找出我国杀人罪法律规定的优缺点,对我国故意杀人罪予以立法完善。
This method of article is study of comparative law. Nowadays, in the legal development, scholars conduct the criminal research and practice from the different angles. Differents criminal law base on the comparing of traditional culture. But this does not prevent the legal mutuality and transplant. The author will focus on the intentional killing crime of Chinese criminal law, use the comparing our criminal law with the Anglo-American criminal law for research method to legislates the heavy construction of the intentional killing crime of our criminal law. In Anglo-American criminal law, the murder crime hypothesis is extremely exhaustive, including murder, involuntary manslaught, infanticide and so on. And in our country, although many scholars already have elaborated in every aspect of intentional killing crime, The legislation stipulated is still insufficient. Because judge decides after deliberation power width, it maybe cause the ordinary public restlessness. when we determine the guilty in the discretion of punishment totally depend on the Judge’s quality and the professional personal integrity, the actual operation deviation will unavoidably be appearance. There are five parts as following:
The first part is Macroscopic comparison between the murdet in Anglo-American criminal law and intentional killing crime of Chinese crime. The first step is to verify the legislation stipulates as well as the value appraisal. The intentional killing crime in our country have many disadvantageous such as the charge is too summarizes to the safeguard of human rights, simple measurement of penalty, the scope of punishment oversized, and the legal execution is not unified. In practice, punishment degree depend on different court, different trial courtyard and its component members. It’s very easy to lead the similar case will be obtains very different punishments. The second step is to understand correlation stipulation of murder in Anglo-American criminal law, it is unlawfully causing the death of another person with malice aforethought. It is the most serious of criminal offense. The last step is though the analysis on the different legal, the author thought they all have its own advantage and disadvantage. We can base on the analysis to legislates the heavy construction of intentional killing crime in our country. And the author also summarize the several principles we should observe.
The second part is to analyze on the typical type of intentional killing crime---suicide pact. First the author through elaborate the practice procedure in our country divide the suicide pact into three kinds. Counsel or force other person to suicide is without doubt to be guilty. In the case of abet and aid other to suicide, because it does not tally our theory of common crime, the author suggests we should stipulate accusation alone. In the case of totally voluntary suicide pact, through elaborate the theory of omission crime to analyze the concrete type and intrinsic reason of constitution crime. Next, the author understand the correlation stipulation of suicide pact in Anglo-American criminal law. Compared to the murder, the suicide pact’s punishment is relative loosen. The last, through the compared between the two aspects above, the author suggest to referent the suicide pact in Anglo-American criminal to explicit the suicide pact in the intentional killing crime of our country as lighter plot. And besides, we should stipulate the behave of abet and aid other to suicide alone.
In the third part, through the elaborate of other two typical types in intentional killing crime---killing under provocation and infanticide, the author suggests our country should legislate these two types in the lighter plot of intentional killing crime. In our country we didn’t let the two types clear in the legislation, and it will be cause the unfair existence. So these stipulations in the Anglo-American criminal law will helpful to our criminal law.
The fourth part is to discuss a dispute behavior---killing the unborn child. In our country we didn’t have many laws to protect the unborn child’s rights. The legal protection is extremely limited. First in our civil law, the unborn child does not tally civil right ability system, does not have the civil man qualifications. Besides stipulation in Inheritance Law and some other law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women, we don’t have any other stipulations to protect the unborn child’s rights. In our criminal law even let the unborn child’s life rights in stead of mother’s healthy rights. Besides above we don’t have any laws to protect the unborn child’s rights. The second, in Anglo-American laws, they have clear bill to protect the unborn child. The third, author analyze the possibility of protect the unborn child’s rights and hindrance in our country, to think that we existence the space to protect the unborn child. And the last, through the analysis above, we can legislate the behavior of killing the unborn child in the intentional killing crime as a lighter plot by exceptional case way.
The fifth part, the author summarize the above analysis, think that we have many disadvantages in the intentional killing crime, we can learn the Anglo-American legal rule to consummates the legislation article in our country. Here, the author think we could reform from the following three points. First is graduation establishment in order to convenient practice operation; Second is to stipulate the behavior of killing the unborn child in the intention killing crime as a lighter plot by exceptional case way; The third is stipulate the behave of abet and aid other to suicide alone, it is not only convenient the practice operation, but also advantageous to maintain the dead’s rights and interests.
引文
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2. 赵秉志主编:《英美刑法学》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
3. 储槐植:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社 2005 年第 3 版。
4. 赵秉志:《刑法分则问题专论》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
5. [美] B·威廉姆:《英美法导论》,林利芝译,中国政法大学出版社2003 年第 1 版。
6. 高铭暄、马克昌主编:《刑法学》,北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社2000 年第 1 版。
7. [美] 博登海默:《法理学-法哲学及其方法》,华夏出版社 1987 年第 1 版。
8. 魏东:《刑法各论若干前沿问题要论》,人民法院出版社 2005 年第 1版。
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1.《美国保护未出世胎儿权益法》,“公民与法律网”,http://www.puhra.cn/chinese/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=150 ,2005 年 2 月 5 日。