摘要
光纤作为脉冲信号的传输介质,与同轴电缆相比具有传输频带宽、损耗低、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,已经成功应用于现场试验辐射测量以及电磁试验测量中的脉冲信号远距离传输。然而当光纤受到核辐射时,其光学性能的变化将导致信号传输系统性能的下降。开展脉冲核辐射的光纤测量技术研究,探索核辐射与光纤的作用机制,实验测量光纤的瞬态辐射感生损耗及色散,可望发展新的现场试验辐射测量技术并建立相应的测量系统,提高试验测量水平。同时可为评价应用于现场试验诊断设备、空间飞行器、反应堆及其它核设施中的光纤性能的恶化程度、预估其工作寿命提供实验数据。
1、分析了普通融石英光纤对核辐射的响应机制,利用基于Monte Carlo方法的GEANT-4程序计算了γ辐射作用时光纤的辐射透过率、效应截面、康普顿电子通量、能通量及角度随射线光子能量的分布；计算了在剂量率为5.3×109Gy/s、平均光子能量为1.0MeV的脉冲γ辐射条件下,光纤中康普顿电子的密度、振荡频率、与中性原子的碰撞频率；提出了采用低温等离子体对光波的吸收模型分析脉冲1,辐射对光纤产生的瞬态辐射感生损耗的方法,并计算了光纤对波长在600-1600nm范围内光波的吸收性瞬态辐射感生损耗数据。计算结果表明：在给定脉冲辐射条件下,光纤的辐射感生损耗随着辐射剂量的增大而增加,随光波波长的增大而略有增加,多模光纤对核辐射的响应比单模光纤稍大,光纤在1310nm、1550nm波长的吸收性辐射感生损耗系数与脉冲辐射实验测量结果在相同的数量级,该模型可以用于分析光纤在脉冲核辐射作用下的瞬态辐射感生损耗。
2、开展了光纤波导中的电磁场传输理论分析,得到了光波电磁场在波导中的分布,计算了纤芯和包层中电场强度分布、光纤对模式的约束系数、光纤的色散系数随折射率及V参数变化。建立了块状融石英材料及光纤光栅在辐射作用下折射率变化的实时测量系统,开展了光纤折射率随辐射剂量变化及光纤模场测量实验,实验结果验证了核辐射对光纤折射率的影响。建立了时域法测量光纤色散的实验系统,开展了光纤色散随辐射剂量的测量实验。实验结果表明：光纤的折射率随辐射剂量的增加而增大,折射率的变化会引起波导中传输模式的场强分布的变化,从而形成光纤的辐射感生波导损耗；在一定的辐射剂量范围内0-2000Gy,光纤仍满足弱导边界条件,能够维持对传输模式的约束能力；辐射感生波导损耗较小,而色散系数随辐射剂量增加较为明显,对快脉冲光波信号的远距离传输将产生由于脉冲展宽而引起的波形畸变。
3、为了在复杂电磁环境下利用普通融石英光纤测量脉冲γ射线,研制了脉冲核辐射的光纤测量系统。在分析半导体激光器和探测器瞬态模型的基础上,设计了半导体激光器直接调制实现电光转换、半导体探测器实现光电转换的电路。研制的脉冲核辐射光纤测量系统性能指标为：频带宽度0.0003-3GHz,带内平坦度±1dB,线性动态范围20dB,输出噪声峰峰值小于5mV,驻波比优于2。实验结果表明：采用电光转换和光电转换技术的光纤脉冲核辐射测量系统可用于脉冲辐射场参数测量以及快脉冲信号传输。
4、建立了瞬态辐射感生损耗的测量方法,采用激光波长分别为405、660、850、1310和1550nm的脉冲核辐射光纤测量系统,在平均光子能量0.3MeV、脉冲宽度25ns、平均剂量率2.0×107Gy/s以及平均光子能量1.0MeV、脉冲宽度25ns、平均剂量率5.3×109Gy/s这两种脉冲γ射线辐射条件下,开展了测量实验并获得了4种常规光纤(ITU G.651(50/125μm、62.5/125μm、G.652、G.655)的总瞬态辐射感生损耗及其与辐射剂量的关系。实验结果表明：(1)脉冲γ射线对光纤的总瞬态辐射感生损耗在可见光到近红外范围内随探测波长的增大而减小；(2)在相同辐射条件下,多模光纤的瞬态辐射感生损耗稍大于单模光纤；(3)在一定剂量范围内,光纤的瞬态辐射感生损耗与剂量呈近似线性关系；(4)瞬态辐射感生损耗系数比永久性辐射感生损耗系数高出三到四个数量级,表明在高剂量率辐射作用下,普通光纤的瞬态辐射感生损耗中的等离子体吸收机制起主导作用。(5)利用瞬态辐射感生损耗测量结果计算了可探测的脉冲辐射源参数和测量系统灵敏度。
5、理论计算及实验测量结果分析表明：(1)脉冲γ射线作用光纤时,以康普顿效应为主,高能电子是致使光纤产生辐射感生损耗的主要因素。三种模型可以用来解释辐射感生损耗：低温等离子体对光波的吸收、原子能级缺陷吸收及波导参数改变导致的模式能量泄漏。等温等离子体的吸收机制在可见光到近红外区域的较长波段占主导,原子能级缺陷吸收机制在该范围内较短波长段占主导,与上面两种吸收机制相比,光纤的感生波导损耗较小,在实验辐射剂量范围内仍能维持对模式的约束能力。以上三种机制同时存在,光纤的辐射感生损耗是以上三种机制共同作用的结果。(2)折射率的改变导致光纤的色散系数增大,快脉冲光波信号在远距离传输时将产生由于脉冲展宽而引起的波形畸变,核辐射测量使用的光纤长度为数米到数十米,色散系数的增大对测量结果影响不大。(3)光纤对脉冲辐射的响应时间为5ns。(4)基于瞬态辐射感生损耗机制的脉冲核辐射的光纤测量技术可用于实际脉冲辐射的总剂量和上升时间测量。
As pulsed signal transmission media, optical fibers have many advantages over metallic cables such as broad bandwidth, low-loss, immunity from interference due to electromagnetic induction, etc. They have been used to implement pulsed signal transmission over a long distance in radiation measurement of field test and electromagnetic experiments with sophisticated electromagnetic interference. However, while optical fibers are exposed directly in nuclear radiation environments, changes of their optical properties will occur thus resulting in deterioration of system performance eventually. The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect mechanism of nuclear radiation on optical fibers, to measure the transient radiation-induced losses and dispersion, to develop a novel nuclear radiation measurement technology based on the effects and to establish fast pulsed radiation detecting system correspondingly. On the other hand, the research results could be used to provide experimental data for attempting to evaluate system performance degradation and life time under nuclear environments such as nuclear exploders, space-aircrafts, radiation reactors and other nuclear facilities.
1. General effect mechanisms of available fused silica optical fibers to nuclear radiation are introduced. The penetration rate of y-ray into optical fibers and the variation of cross sections for different effects in optical fibers with photon energy are calculated by GEANT-4based on Monte Carlo method. The resulting electrons'fluency and energy fluency distribution in the horizontal profile of optical fibers is calculated and depicted with photon energy while y-ray projects along the vertical profile respectively. The concentration of Compton electrons, the electronic oscillation frequency and the collision frequency between electrons and neutral atoms are computed under the given pulsed radiation conditions with the dose rate of5.3×10Gy/s and photon energy of1.0MeV. A method is presented that it could use the absorption model of low temperature plasma on lightwaves to analyze the transient effects of nuclear radiation on optical fibers, and the radiation-induced absorption losses within wavelength range of600-1600nm are calculated. The results show that:Under the condition of given dose rate, the radiation-induced absorption losses of optical fibers will increase with the radiation dose and decrease with the frequency of lightwave. Slight difference of radiation-induced losses exists between multimode and single-mode fibers. The radiation-induced absorption losses are in the same orders of magnitude comparing to the transient experimental results when the detecting wavelengths are1310nm and1550nm. The model could be used for analysis of transient radiation-induced loss of optical fiber under pulsed nuclear radiation.
2. Electric field of transmission mode in optical fiber waveguide is analyzed theoretically. The discipline describing influence of optical fiber refractive index and V parameter changes on waveguide electromagnetic field distribution is obtained. The relative distribution of electric field intensity in the core and clad and confinement factors of optical fibers as a function of refractive index changes are computed also. A real time experimental measurement system of refractive index changes has been built by using bulk fused silica material and fiber Bragg grating under y-ray irradiation. The refractive index changes of two candidates with the given radiation doses and mode field of fiber are measured in the experiments respectively. The influence of nuclear radiation on refractive index is verified. A dispersion measurement system by using time domain method has been setup and the fiber dispersion data related to radiation doses have been acquired. The results show that:The refractive index of the optical fiber will increase with the y radiation dose. The refractive index changes will cause the variations of the field intensity distribution in the transmission mode resulting to radiation-induced waveguide losses, within a certain dose range of0-2000Gy, the optical fiber would still meet the weakly guiding boundary conditions and maintain the confining ability on the transmission mode. The radiation-induced waveguide loss is relatively smaller than the absorption radiation-induced losses, but the radiation-induced dispersion is greatly increasing with doses and results in distortion of the fast pulsed signal resulting from pulse period spreading therefore.
3. A transient system using ordinary fused silica optical fiber is developed for measurement of pulsed y-ray under the circumstance with complicated electromagnetic field. Based on analysis on the transient models of semiconductor lasers and detectors, the circuits of electro-optic and photo-electric conversion are designed. The experimental measurement results of the system indicate that its bandwidth is0.0003-3GHz, in-band flatness is±1dB, linear dynamic range is20dB, output peak-to-peak noise is less than5mV, and input/output standing-wave-ratio is less than2. The experimental results show that the transient optical fiber measurement system which employs electro-optic and photo-electric conversion technology is suitable for measurement of pulsed nuclear radiation field and fast signal transmission.
4. An experimental method for transient radiation-induced loss measurement is presented. In order to measure transient radiation loss induced by pulsed y-ray in optical fibers, it's used that an experimental pulsed radiation measurement system which applies five different wavelength lasers such as405,660,850,1310and1550nm as detecting light carriers. Two different pulsed y-ray devices with average photon energy of0.3MeV, pulse width of25ns, average dose rate of2.0×107Gy/s and average photon energy of1.0MeV, pulse width of25ns, average dose rate of5.3×109Gy/s are employed to irradiate four types of available optical fibers (ITU G.651(50/125μm,62.5/125μm), G.652, G.655) in experiments. The transient radiation-induced losses and their relationship with total doses of exposure are obtained. The experimental results show that:(1) The transient radiation-induced losses in optical fibers resulting from pulsed y irradiation will increase as the detecting laser wavelength shifts from near-infrared to visible regions of optical spectrum.(2)Under the same experimental condition, the transient radiation-induced loss of multimode fibers is slightly higher than single-mode fibers.(3)Within a certain dose range, the transient radiation-induced loss in multi-mode fiber displays a nearly linear dependence upon total dose.(4)The total transient radiation-induced loss coefficients are usually three to four orders of magnitude higher than the permanent radiation-induced losses. It indicates that the transient absorption mechanism of low temperature plasma to lightwave plays a leading role in radiation-induced losses.(5)Using the results of radiation-induced losses, the parameters of the pulsed radiation source which the system could detect and the sensitivity of the system are caculated.
5. It can be deduced from the calculative and experimental results that:(1)Compton Effect will play a leading role and the resulting high energy electrons causing the primary radiation damage due to y-ray absorption in optical fibers. Three models are used to explain the radiation-induced losses which are the absorption of low temperature plasma to electromagnetic waves, atomic energy level defects to photons and energy leakage of waveguide mode resulting from changes in the refractive index distribution. The absorption of low temperature plasma is the dominant factor causing transient radiation-induced losses in the longer wavelength in the range of visible to near infrared. The absorption of atomic energy level defects to photons plays a leading role in the shorter wavelength. Comparing to the two above mechanisms, the leakage of waveguide mode energy is relatively lower. In fact three radiation-induced loss mechanisms exist simultaneously; therefore, the radiation-induced losses are the result of joint action of the three.(2) The refractive index changes cause the increase of fiber dispersion, and transmission signal will be distorted due to time spreading. The fiber used in the measurement system is usually several meters to tens of meters long, changes of dispersion coefficient would have little influence on the measurement results.(3)The response time of optical fiber to pulsed radiation is about5ns.(4)It's feasible to use the pulsed nuclear radiation measurement technology based on mechanism of radiation-induced loss with optical fiber for total dose and rise time of nuclear reaction process measurement.
引文
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