摘要
Peer-to-Peer(P2P)技术目前在文件共享、分布式存储和计算、个人即时通信、协同工作等多个领域得到了广泛的应用,也一直是商业和学术界研究的热点之一。保证P2P和其他网络对象友好相容,同时促进对等网络内部节点之间的合作,提高系统可用性是关系到P2P网络整体效益和未来发展的重要问题。本论文主要围绕对等网络的传输控制和激励机制展开研究,主要工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)针对P2P流量占用过多用户带宽而影响传统互联网应用的问题,提出了用于P2P数据传输的多等级低优先级传输控制算法TCP-CPLP (Congestion Pricing Low Priority TCP),该算法结合了拥塞计费和低优先级传输控制协议,提供了可由用户灵活控制的多等级低优先级传输服务,保证了P2P流量与传统互联网应用的友好相容。同以往的绝对低优先级传输算法不同,TCP-CPLP能够在标准TCP和绝对低优先级的TCP之间提供灵活可变的优先级等级并且连接的优先级可由用户根据需要灵活控制。仿真分析验证了算法的公平性、稳定性和有效性。
(2)针对P2P应用产生大量域间流量的问题提出了一种基于虚拟货币的与ISP友好的P2P激励机制。在该激励系统中,ISP根据自身和其他ISP的经济利益关系设定域间链路传输单位数据的价格,系统中的下载节点不仅要根据下载数据量向上传节点支付数据分享的费用,还要支付所经过的域间链路的数据传输费用。基于虚拟货币的与ISP友好的激励机制不仅能够提高节点分享度,避免free-riding行为,还使下载节点有动机主动选择本地的上传节点,有效降低域间流量。仿真数据表明,该激励机制能够在提高用户共享度的同时减小域间流量。
(3)针对P2P VoD系统中服务器负载量大的问题,提出了一种基于虚拟货币的轻负载激励机制。在该激励机制中,·如果一个节点将自己已经下载完成的视频文件分享给其他正在观看该视频的观众节点,那么这个上传节点将获得报酬,而付给上传节点的费用由该视频兴趣组内的所有观众节点共同支付。该激励机制忽略了同一视频兴趣组内部观众节点之间的数据交换,只记录上传节点集合和观众节点集合之间的数据流量,这样能够充分激励系统中节点分享自己已经下载完成的视频文件,减小服务器负载,同时也有效减小了激励机制给系统带来的额外负载。博弈论分析证明了该激励机制能够有效激励用户共享。仿真数据验证了该激励能够增加系统中节点的分享数据量,减小服务器负载。
(4)利用博弈论分析了私有P2P网络的基于用户分享比的激励机制。私有P2P采用分享比的激励有效地提高了用户的共享度和系统中种子节点的数量,从而达到了比传统P2P网络更高的系统性能。分析中首先根据私有P2P网络中的节点在分享比激励机制下生产、分享和下载数据文件的过程建立了系统的序贯博弈模型,接着利用逆向归纳法推导得出该模型的序贯均衡解,并得到达到均衡系统参数需要满足的条件,为私有P2P网络的管理者配置合理的系统参数值提供了参考。
Peer-to-Peer(P2P) has become the overwhelming technology for data sharing, distributed storage, cooperative working and large scale parallel computing. Assuring the cooperation between P2P and other network elements in the Internet, and try to stimulate the cooperation of peers in the P2P network are important issues deciding the system performance and the future development of P2P. This dissertation studies the problems of transmission control and incentive mechanism of the P2P networks, and results in the following achievements:
(1) We propose a low priority transmission control algorithm TCP-CPLP(Congestion Pricing Low Priority TCP) for the P2P flow in order to mitigate the conflict between P2P applications and traditional network applications. TCP-CPLP can adjust a connection's sensitivity to network congestion according to the congestion price the user sets for that connection, thus achieve multiple flexible priority levels of service between standard TCP and absolute low priority TCP. Simulation results prove the fairness, stability and validity of the proposed algorithm.
(2) We propose a novel incentive mechanism that aims at reducing cross-ISP traffic as well as stimulating sharing. We bring the role of ISP in the currency-based incentive, where the incentive mechanism uses virtual currency to prevent free riding and stimulate sharing, at the same time charges a transmission cost for inter-domain traffic. Under such incentive mechanism, the download peer pays the upload peer for the sharing service, and additionally also pays the transmission cost if it incurs any cross-ISP traffic. Simulation results indicate that the ISP-friendly incentive mechanism can significantly reduce the cross-ISP traffic as well as improve sharing and decrease free-riding.
(3) Users in a Peer-to-Peer Video on Demand (P2P VoD) system are allowed to watch any video file at any point in time and to use VCR operations which decreases their ability to help each other and offload the server. So we propose a lightweight incentive mechanism based on virtual currency to improve the performance of the system. If a peer shares a video file which he has completely downloaded before, he will get paid by the audience peers who are in the process of watching that video. Game theoretic analysis proves that the proposed incentive mechanism can significantly relieve server's heavy load and increase users'contributions. Simulation results prove that the incentive mechanism can improve sharing between peers and reduce the load of server.
(4) We use game theory to analyze the incentive mechanism of private P2P network. The private P2P network uses a upload/download ratio-based incentive which significantly increases the sharing of peers in the P2P system and get a higher performance compared to the public P2P networks. We analyze the production, sharing and downloading of the peers, and model the system with a sequential game, get the condition of the system parameters when the network achieves a sequential equilibrium, which can be used as a reference to set proper system parameters.
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