摘要
为应对能源与环境的双重挑战,不断改进传统的柴油机燃烧是社会可持续发展的需要。随着计算科学的发展,数值模拟技术在内燃机的开发改进过程中的应用越来越广泛。近年来,提高燃油系统喷射压力、提高EGR率、提高进气压力成为各种新型柴油机燃烧的主要技术方向。这些技术的综合作用使柴油在缸内的雾化蒸发加快,并减慢了缸内的化学反应速率,延长了着火落后期,相较于传统的扩散燃烧,体现出更多的预混燃烧的特点,可以有效降低氮氧化物和颗粒物排放。传统的柴油燃烧数值模拟为降低对计算能力的要求,忽略或者简化其中的化学因素,主要关注油气混合过程,己不能适应新的燃烧模式。
为了探索适用于新型柴油机燃烧模式的模拟方法,本文首先研究了液体燃料的高压喷射过程,重点关注喷射初始条件的设定。通过理论分析,引入一假想流体代替喷雾中的两相流,以此将流体的状态变化和运动规律解耦,并借助二阶单输出系统的阶跃响应函数模拟假想流体密度和动量的变化,建立了描述喷雾贯穿距和前锋速度的模型。对比文献中的研究结果,取得了较为满意的结果。模型中引入了密度时间常数和动量时间常数两个参数,当喷射压力提高或者环境压力提高时,上述两个时间常数都减小。基于信息熵的概念,把液体高压喷入气体的过程作为随机过程,分析其中的能量转换过程,得到了液滴破碎所遵循的物理约束条件,即液滴表面积的和与喷射初始时的动能成正比。在此基础上建立了描述液滴粒径分布的函数表达式,与文献中的研究结果进行了对比验证,获得了较为满意的结果。这证明液体高压喷射时,液滴的粒径可由统计学中常用的Rayleigh型分布描述,其参数为液滴的索特平均直径。在此基础上,利用定容弹和高速摄影技术研究了高压喷雾的发展,并应用上述模型和规律对喷射过程进行了三维数值模拟。对比喷雾形态和贯穿距发现,受计算方法的限制,在喷射开始的初始阶段模拟结果与实测结果相差偏大,但随着喷雾的发展,模拟结果与实测结果逐渐符合。
然后以链式反应为基础,以燃烧过程中的过氧化烃基、酮类物质、链载体羟基、乙烯、甲醛等几种关键物质为主干,将各种烷基在高温下的分解反应概括为烷基直接分解成乙烯和甲基；以苯甲醛为关键中间产物,并将苯环的高温分解反应概括为加氧、脱碳、生成乙炔的反应,开发了较为精简实用的,仅包含26种组分、28个反应的正庚烷——甲苯氧化机理。在高压、高温、偏浓的环境下,其计算得到的滞燃期与文献中提供的实验数据符合的很好。将上述简化机理扩展到三维CFD计算中,并利用第二章中开发的喷雾模拟方法,利用温度、甲醛基(HCO)、乙炔(C2H2)的时空分布间接对比验证,其计算得到的低温火焰和高温火焰的发展过程均与定容燃烧弹内的柴油喷雾扩散燃烧过程符合的很好,而且能够较为准确的反映出EGR氛围中的燃烧状况。
在此基础上,将四缸小型车用柴油机改造成为单缸研究用柴油机,搭建了相应的实验平台,并选择了三个工况进行了台架实验,其中两个使用高增压、高EGR和高压喷射的新型燃烧模式,另一个使用传统燃烧模式。利用前文建立的数值模拟计算方法,对上述三个工况的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,得到的工况1和工况3的缸压曲线与实验数据符合的较好,但工况2因喷油规律不明有较大偏差。因表征燃料的限制,模拟得到的排放数据与实测数据差别较大,但其趋势基本一致。总的来说,本章的对比研究证明前文所建立的数值模拟适用于低温柴油机燃烧模式,可以为柴油机的开发改进提供有工程利用价值的依据。采用高增压、高EGR和高压喷射技术的新型燃烧模式,可以加快柴油液滴的雾化蒸发,提高缸内氧气的利用率,抑制了氮氧化物的生成；而且新型燃烧模式中,缸内缺氧区域的温度较低,抑制了颗粒物的生成。但是,在改善柴油机氮氧化物和颗粒物排放的同时,一氧化碳排放不可避免的升高。
Energy and environmental problems are worldwide challenge for humanity. It is essential to improve traditional energy application, such as diesel. Numerical simulation technology,which benefits from the development of computer science, plays a very important role in the design process of modern engines. To improve diesel combustion, higher fuel injection pressure, higher exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, higher boost pressure are widely used in the development of new diesel combustion. These technologies accelerate the atomization and evaporation of fuel droplets, reduce the chemical reaction rate and retard the ignition in diesel engine, so emissions can be effectively reduced. Meanwhile, the new diffusion flame in diesel engine shows some similarity of premixing flame. In order to reduce the calculation cost, detailed chemical reactions have to be ignored or simplified in traditional diesel combustion simulation, which usually focuses on the mixing progress. Unfortunately these models cannot describe the modern diesel combustion.
To develop new simulation method for modern diesel combustion, this thesis firstly studied the injection process of liquid fuel, focusing on the initialization of injection simulation. A1D spray model and a droplet diameter profile have been established based on theoretical analysis and hypothesis, and validated with experimental data in literatures. Diesel spray in constant volume vessel has also been investigated with3D CFD simulation and validated by high speed photography. Calculated fuel penetration and spray shape fits the experimental results reasonably well besides the initial stage.
Based on the low temperature oxidation mechanism of alkane and the assumption of alkyl and aromatic species thermal cracks, a reduced mechanism of n-heptane and toluene oxidation containing26species and28reactions is achieved. The calculated ignition delays fit the experimental data reasonably well. Diesel diffusion flame in a constant volume vessel is investigated with CFD simulation using this reduced mechanism, and validated by high speed photography. The calculated results show very good agreement with the experiment, both chemiluminescent flame and high temperature flame could be evaluated accurately.
Finally, a single cylinder diesel engine test bench was built, and three cases were chosen for test, two were new combustion model with high boost, high EGR and high injection pressure, the other one was operated in the traditional model. Numerical simulation was performed with the method developed in this thesis to investigate the combustion process of these cases. The pressure curves of case1and case3fit the experimental data very well, but case2show some error because of unknown injection rate. The calculated emissions are several times higher than the test results, which cannot be refined since the stoichiometric ratio of reference species is difference with diesel. Generally speaking, this thesis built an appropriate simulation method for numerical investigation of new type diesel combustion.
引文
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